Learning more about

To learn more about connection tables and matrix representations of chemical structures... 

At the time, I was so fascinated by the potential of our organofluorine compound-based pharmaceutical research that, to learn more about... 

Organic chemistry involves a good bit of reasoning by analogy and looking for trends The kind of reasoning we carried out in this section will become increasingly familiar as we learn more about the connection between structure and properties... 

Try making a model of a hydrocarbon that contains three carbons only one of which is sp hybridized What is its molecular formula Is it an alkyne" What must be the hybridization state of the other two carbons (You will learn more about compounds of this type in Chapter 10 )... 

Hydrogen bonding stabilizes some protein molecules in helical forms, and disulfide cross-links stabilize some protein molecules in globular forms. We shall consider helical structures in Sec. 1.11 and shall learn more about ellipsoidal globular proteins in the chapters concerned with the solution properties of polymers, especially Chap. 9. Both secondary and tertiary levels of structure are also influenced by the distribution of polar and nonpolar amino acid molecules relative to the aqueous environment of the protein molecules. Nonpolar amino acids are designated in Table 1.3. 

Ton-exchange resins are used repeatedly in a cyclic manner over many years, and deterioration of both physical and chemical properties can be anticipated. Comparison of the properties of used resin with those of new resin is helpfiil to learning more about the nature and cause of deterioration (12). Corrective action frequendy extends the life of the resin. Comparison of properties must always be made with the resin in the same ionic form. 

These, then, are the basic classes of ferrous alloys. Their compositions and uses are summarised in Table 1.1, and you will learn more about them in Chapters 11 and 12, but let us now look at the other generic alloy groups. 

Carnot soon realized that he did not have the temperament of a soldier and in 1818 left the army. After leaving the army Carnot took up residence in his father s former Paris apartment, and was presumably supported by his family whiile he attended classes at Sorbonne, the College de France, and the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. He also frequently visited factories and workshops, both to see steam engines actually in use, and to learn more about the economics of such industrial use of energy. There were rumors that he did at least on a lew occasions receive some consultant s fees for his advise, but there was no clear documentary evidence of this. In 1827 he returned to active militaiy seiwice with the rank of captain, but this lasted only a little more than a year. He resigned in 1828 and died of cholera four years later in Paris. 

The development of particle accelerators grew out of the discovery of radioactivity in uranium by Henri Becquerel in Paris in 1896. Some years later, due to the work of Ernest Rutherford and others, it was found that the radioactivity discovered by Becquerel was the emission o particles with kinetic energies o several MeV from uranium nuclei. Research using the emitted particles began shortly thereafter. It was soon realized that if scientists were to learn more about the properties of subatomic particles, they had to be accelerated to energies greater than those attained in natural radioactivity. 

The Encyclopedia includes 253 alphabetically arranged entries written by 170 authors. The text is supplemented with more than 600 photographs, illustrations, sidebars, and maps. Entries contain a set of cross-references to related entries within the set, as well as a bibliography of related books and journal articles to guide readers who want to learn more about a given topic. The front matter in Volume 1 includes a list of entity topics, and the back matter in Volume 3 contains both an extensive timeline of important dates in energy history and a comprehensive subject index. 

To understand why Markovnikov s rule works, we need to learn more about the structure and stability of carbocations and about the general nature of reactions and transition states. The first point to explore involves structure. 

Thomson w Click Organic Interactive to learn more about the preparation of organometallics and their use in coupfmg reactions. 

In the Diels-Alder transition state, the two alkene carbons and carbons 1 and 4 of the diene rehybridize from sp2 to sp 5 to form two new single bonds, while carbons 2 and 3 of the diene remain sp2-hybridized to form the new double bond in the cyclohexene product. We ll study this mechanism at greater length in Chapter 30 but will concentrate for the present on learning more about the characteristics and uses of the Diels-Alder reaction. 

Alpha-substitution reactions occur at the position next to the carbonyl group—the a position—and involve the substitution of an cv hydrogen atom by an electrophile, E, through either an enol or eriolate ion intermediate. Let s begin by learning more about these two species. 

To learn more about Dorothy Hodgkin and other women Nobel laureates, we recommend the book Nobel Prize Women in Science by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne, published in 1993. 

We can learn more about electric charge by another use of the electrometer. Connect one wire from the battery (say, post Pt) to the base of the electrometer and the other wire (from post Pi) to both terminals, as in Figure 5-8. 

Don t be too eager, though, to scoff at this example. Instead, you may rest assured that some of the theories you will find in this book are waiting to be swept aside as we learn more about nature. The rub—no, the excitement—in the game is that we don t know which theories are fated to go. That remains for some of you to discover ... 

We will now deal with quite sophisticated issues concerning reactor design and performance. Although we deal with these in a sympathetic manner, you may find it useful to refresh your knowledge by reading more about bioreactors. The BIOTOL series offers opportunities to learn more about fermentors. 

Information to learn more about Algor s complete line of CAD/CAE interoperability,... 

You can learn more about molecules that absorb different colors in the section on para-amino benzoic acid (PABA). 

The first law of thermodynamics tells us that, if a reaction takes place, then the total energy of the universe (the reaction system and its surroundings) remains unchanged. But the first law does not address the questions that lie behind the if. Why do some reactions have a tendency to occur, whereas others do not Why does anything happen at all To answer these deeply important questions about the world around us, we need to take a further step into thermodynamics and learn more about energy beyond the fact that it is conserved. 

We can learn more about the effect of structure on acidity by considering the oxoacids. These acids form structurally related families, and so we can examine the effect of different central atoms with the same number of O atoms (as in HC103 and HBr03). Alternatively, we can look at the influence of different numbers of O atoms attached to the same central atom (as in HC103 and HC104). 

By repeating the experiment with molecules having different speeds and different states of rotational or vibrational excitation, chemists can learn more about the collision itself. For example, experimenters have found that, in the reaction between a Cl atom and an HI molecule, the best direction of attack is within a cone of half-angle 30° surrounding the H atom. 

Recently, we have been studying the runaway stages of some polymerization reactions. We are trying to learn more about designing equipment safely in the event a reaction gets out of control and runs away. 

Run an Internet search on static and motionless mixers to learn more about the utility of these devices, but be wary of the hype. 

We proposed to study diet and health by combining bone chemistry and histomorphometry. Diet would be determined by analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in bone protein and some preserved hair. In addition, trace elements would be quantitatively analyzed in preserved bone mineral. Abonyi (1993) participated in the study by reconstructing the diet from historical sources and analyzing various foods. Having analyzed human tissues for stable isotopes and trace elements, and foods for the same variables, we hoped to learn more about 19th century diet in southern Ontario, and at the same time, learn more about paleodiet reconstruction. 

The system used in the simulations usually consists of solid walls and lubricant molecules, but the specific arrangement of the system depends on the problem under investigation. In early studies, hard spherical molecules, interacting with each other through the Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential, were adopted to model the lubricant [27], but recently we tend to take more realistic models for describing the lubricant molecules. The alkane molecules with flexible linear chains [28,29] and bead-spring chains [7,30] are the examples for the most commonly used molecular architectures. The inter- and intra-molecular potentials, as well as the interactions between the lubricant molecule and solid wall, have to be properly defined in order to get reliable results. Readers who intend to learn more about the specific techniques of the simulations are referred to Refs. [27-29]. 

Authors experiences in cosmetic dermatology give rise to a guide for anyone interested in learning more about cosmetology... 

The boundary-value problem. We are interested in learning more about the boundary-value problem when the boundary value <(t) is specified at the point x = 0 and a solution is sought for x > 0 and < > 0 ... 

The process by which cells take up large molecules is called endocytosis. Some of these molecules (eg, polysaccharides, proteins, and polynucleotides), when hydrolyzed inside the cell, yield nutrients. Endocytosis provides a mechanism for regulating the content of certain membrane components, hormone receptors being a case in point. Endocytosis can be used to learn more about how cells function. DNA from one cell type can be used to transfect a different cell and alter the latter s function or phenotype. A specific gene is often employed in these experiments, and this provides a unique way to smdy and analyze the regulation of that gene. DNA transfection depends upon endocytosis endocy-... 

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