Lead determination

Lanthanum in solution, determination by absorption-edge method, 140 Lead, determination by x-ray emission spectrography, 328 see also Tetraethyllead Tetraethyllead fluid trace analysis by x-ray emission spectrography, 163, 225-227 Light elements, background in determination, 217-219... 

Fernandez, F. J. "Micromethod for Lead Determination In Whole Blood by Atomic Absorption, With Use of the Graphite Furnace". Clin. Chem. (1975), 21, 558-561. 

Blood Chemistry Data. All blood specimens were obtained by venipuncture. The erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) was measured by the extraction method. Blood lead determinations were done In quadruplicate and are presented as an arithmetic mean of the four replicates. 

ASTM. 1998e. ASTM E 1727. Standard practice for field collection of soil samples for lead determination by atomic spectrometry techniques. American Society for Testing and Materials. 

Xu Y, Liang Y. 1997. Combined nickel and phosphate modifier for lead determination in water by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 12(4) 471-474. 

These drawbacks could be certainly avoided by performing in situ deposition. The sole attempt in this direction was made by Torsi [395], who set up an apparatus which permitted both in situ electrochemical preconcentration of the analyte from a flowing solution and almost complete suppression of matrix effects because the matrix could be removed by suitable washing. The feasibility of this approach was successfully tested with respect to lead determinations... 

Lead-exposed employees in the United States111, for example, must be removed from work if the average of their last three blood lead determinations is at or above 0.50 pgPbg-1 whole blood and if the airborne lead level is at or above 30 Agm-3. 

Pain, D.J., C. Metayer, and J.C. Amiard. 1993b. Lead determination in avian blood application to a study of lead contamination in raptors from France. Int. Jour. Environ. Anal. Chem. 53 29-35. 

Gaines SD, Roughgarden J (1985) Larval settlement rate a leading determinant of structure in an ecological community of the marine intertidal zone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 3707-3711 Gottlieb OR (1989) The role of oxygen in phytochemical evolution towards diversity. Phytochemistry 28 2545-2548... 

M. Soylak, I. Narin, M. Almeida Becerra and S. L. Costa Ferreira, Factorial design in the optimisation of preconcentration procedure for lead determination by FAAS, Talanta, 65(4), 2005, 895-899. 

The GECE sensors were used for lead determination in real water samples suspected to be contaminated with lead obtained from water suppliers. The same samples were previously measured by three other methods a potentiometric FIA system with a lead ion-selective-electrode as detector (Pb-ISE) graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP). The results obtained for lead determination are presented in Table 7.1. The accumulation times are given for each measured sample in the case of DPASV. Calibration plots were used to determine the lead concentration. GEC electrode results were compared with each of the above methods by using paired -Test. The results obtained show that the differences between the results of GECE compared to other methods were not significant. The improvement of the reproducibility of the methods is one of the most important issues in the future research of these materials. 

Workers at PerkinElmer (Perkin Elmer Ltd., Beaconsfield, UK, Private Communication) claim that sensitivity and precision in lead determinations in spinach were both improved by using the L vov platforms as opposed to normal off the wall techniques. This is because dependence on temperature is reduced. Johns et al. [26] has described a quantitative thin-layer chromatographic procedure for the determination of lead in plant tissues. The method is based on the use of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate for the extraction and enrichment of lead. Instead of the previously reported conversion and visualisation of the lead complex in the short wavelength region using dithizone, the lead carbamate was converted to lead sulfide with the aid of a 6% solution of sodium sulfide in methanol/water (3 1) on silica plates, after development of the plates with toluene. See also Sects. 7.34.1,7.34.4 and 7.34.5... 

Lead Determine as directed under Lead Limit Test, Appendix MB, using a solution of 2 g of sample in 20 mL of water, and 2 pig of lead (Pb) ion in the control. 

Lead Determine as directed for Method I in the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Graphite Furnace Method under Lead Limit Test, Appendix IIIB. 

Lead Determine as directed for Method I in the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Graphite Furnace Method under Lead Limit Test, Appendix IIIB, using a 10-g sample. Oxalate Neutralize 10 mL of a 1 10 aqueous solution with 6 N ammonium hydroxide, add 5 drops of 2.7 N hydrochloric acid, cool, and add 2 mL of calcium chloride TS. No turbidity develops. 

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