Factors Determining the Lead Concentration in Drinking Water

Experience in France shows that lead concentrations from galvanized steel plumbing are normally in the range of 1 to 10 pg/1. However, values between 10 and 25 (xg/1 can be observed quite frequently. Higher values (up to 100 pg/1 or more) are exceptional but only in association with high corrosion of the material, and high iron and zinc concentrations (red waters). [Pg.65]

Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) is a commonly used material for mains and domestic potable water piping. The additives used in uPVC include heat stabilizers to reduce decomposition of the uPVC during manufacture. Stabilizers are often lead salts. It has been shown that leaching of lead can occur, but this seems to be significant only for new uPVC pipes (Packham, 1971 Poels and Dibbets, 1982). In some countries (e.g. France) the application of lead salts as stabilizers is not allowed. [Pg.65]

2 Factors Determining the Lead Concentration in Drinking Water [Pg.65]

Lead concentrations at the consiuners tap are mainly determined by the following factors [Pg.65]

The water use pattern has a major influence on the stagnation time and lead release and thus on lead concentration (e.g. Bailey et al, 1986a). More specifically, the [Pg.65]

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