Law enforcement applications

Rhykerd, C. L., D. W. Hannum, D. W. Murray, and J. E. Parmeter. Guide for the Selection of Commercial Explosives Detection Systems for Law Enforcement Applications. NIJ Guide 100-99, NCJ 178913, National Institute of Justice, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, DC, 1999. 

Law Enforcement Applications Drug Evaluation and Classification Program.108... 

Bhatnagar, A., 2006. Lightweight ballistic composites. Military and law-enforcement applications, Cambridge Woodhead Publishing Ltd. 

The last example of application of smart materials to PPE described in this chapter deals with shock absorbers. With shear thickening fluids, complete flexibility is maintained in static conditions while the material instantaneously hardens upon impact at high rate. Products based on elastomer foam and 2D and 3D impregnated fabrics are already on the market, with a particular target at sports, defense, and law enforcement applications. 

Lightweight ballistic composites for military and law-enforcement applications... 

Threats of Concern Terrorist acts can be the most problematic to defend against since they may be more extreme or malevolent than other crimes focused on monetary gains or outcomes with less malicious intent. Plus terrorists may use military tactics not often provided for in base chemical facility design. Chemical facility security must be considered in context with local and national homeland security and law enforcement activities, as well as with emergency response capabilities. There is a practical limit to the ability of a chemical site to prevent or mitigate a terrorist act. Above a certain level of threat, the facility needs to rely on law enforcement and military services to provide physical security against extreme acts of intentional harm. The security posture must be risk-based, and so extremely robust security measures are not always applicable or necessary. 

This chapter will focus on (1) basic principles of search and seizure law (2) the balance between law enforcement s use of science and technological advances to the Fourth Amendment (3) when exploitation of technology should be governed by the Fourth Amendment constraints of unreasonable searches as it pertains to explosives and dangerous chemicals and (4) effect of the USA Patriot Act and related legislation on the Fourth Amendment. The question of what constitutionally determines a reasonable search is simple, its answer and application are not. 

NDA Application Form (format based on Pharmaceutical Affairs Law Enforcement Regulations)... 

The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 made further changes to the system. License holders are now photographed and fingerprinted and are required to comply with applicable state and local laws. Dealers must report any thefts of weapons within 48 hours and must immediately respond to the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Ttibacco, and Firearms requests for firearm traces. 

F) on application of the transferor, the Secretary has certified that compliance with subparagraph (A)(i)(III) is impracticable because— (i) the ratio of the number of law enforcement officers of the State in which the transfer is to occur to the number of square miles of land area of the State does not exceed 0.0025 ... 

The key distinction here is that patients neither were informed about nor consented to the tests, and that the hospital, a state institution, was ultimately using the results for law enforcement purposes. In other cases such as Chandler v. Miller (1997), the persons (such as employment applicants) took the tests voluntarily and knew their purpose. Also, the results were not turned over to law enforcement authorities. As a result, in those cases the interest in minimizing the harm brought about by drug abuse could be balanced against the rights of the persons being tested. 

Forage crops have been shown to contain small amounts of pesticides, not only as a result of direct application but from being grown in soil previously treated. The amounts, admittedly often very small, may appear in the milk of dairy cattle receiving such feed. In fact, because of the concentration of fat-soluble pesticides in the butterfat, it may be possible to detect some of them in the milk when the levels in the feed are too low to determine by the methods now available. For example, Westlake et al. (25) have reported the presence of heptachlor epoxide in the milk of cows grazed on chlordan-treated pasture when the amount of this compound present on the forage was too small to detect. The heptachlor epoxide probably originated from a small amount of heptachlor present as an impurity in the chlordan. While this is unimportant from a public health standpoint, it does present a problem for milk producers and law enforcement personnel. 

Ropes, cables, coated fabrics for inflatables, architectural fabrics, and for ballistic protection fabrics. Ship to shore mooring lines are made of aramid fibers because of its resistance to saltwater corrosion. Vests made of Kevlar 29 are used by law enforcement agencies in many countries. Later we discuss this application in some detail. 

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