State institutions

Virtala, V. Frilund, S. 0. O. F. On Spontaneous Ignition and its Occurrence. State Institute Technical Research, Julkaisu 14 Helsingfors, Finland, 1949. 

J. S. Kirkaldy and D. J. Young Diffusion in the Condensed State, Institute of Metals London, 1987. 

Psychosurgery. Erontal lobotomy, and later leukotomy, became popular in state institutions in the 1930s. Like opiates, it calmed agitated, violent patients. It did not relieve psychosis and thankfully was abandoned in the late 1940s. 

State institutions may support pilot and reference companies within the scope of innovation promotion. They may promote vertical bnt also horizontal communication (e g. branch dialognes) and especially provide basic preliminary services for small and medinm-sized enterprises, snch as e.g. free offers of information about best practices, branch benchmarks or also initiate qualification programmes. 

One major player and systems driver has proven to be especially powerful in many cases. It is the role of publicity, the media and public interest groups and they deserve particular attention. Scandals and scandalmongering are among the most effective drivers for the substitution of hazardous substances. In some cases, public debates have influenced the state institutions as well as the more usual commercial interests. 

Commercial institutions include the many commercial and industrial actors in the supply chain that contribute to a system of innovation. The state institutions are those to whom much more than just regulation exists as an option. And finally the consumers, the public, the media and the rest of society, who have taken power into their hands and have to learn to use it in a responsible manner. 

The state institutions can also offer orientation (in so far as this is done on the basis of a far-reaching discourse within society). This includes the development of a national chemicals strategy, for example, or the publication and specialised validation of priority substance lists that require special attention when designing products and processes. 

The ability and willingness of producing companies to co-operate is limited by the competitive situation. This is not only due to subjective interests but also concerns branch cultures and limited management resources. In a moderating and catalytic role, state institutions could initiate branch dialogue (branch agreements), new cooperations at the supply chain level as well as the development of instruments for practical communication and assessment. This can... 

The safe application of chemical products in the European or global market requires harmonisation of instruments and procedures to assess, communicate and to document risk-related information. This harmonisation work catmot be driven by economic factors and is one of the essential responsibilities of the state institutions. 

State institutions can snpport pilot and reference enterprises by promoting innovation. Promotion of both vertical and horizontal communication (e.g. branch dialogue) and - especially for small and medium sized enterprises - the provision of basic intermediate input, e.g. free offers of information, branch benchmarks or initiate qualification programmes. 

The recognition of the considerable influence of public pressure is particularly intriguing, where public scandals motivated both commercial enterprises and state institutions to take action in some instances. This raises the question as to what extent the power of public interest groups and the media can be influenced in a positive way in order to promote the public discussion of guiding principles that could orientate the development and design of new substances and technologies. 

The key distinction here is that patients neither were informed about nor consented to the tests, and that the hospital, a state institution, was ultimately using the results for law enforcement purposes. In other cases such as Chandler v. Miller (1997), the persons (such as employment applicants) took the tests voluntarily and knew their purpose. Also, the results were not turned over to law enforcement authorities. As a result, in those cases the interest in minimizing the harm brought about by drug abuse could be balanced against the rights of the persons being tested. 

Shugar, D., Photochemistry of Nucleic Acids and Their Constituent8, State Institute Hyg. Warsaw (1961) Chem. Abstr., 55, 1722 (1961). 

BAM Method = Bundes Anstalt Air Marerialpriifung ( State Institute for Testing Materials), West Berlin. This method is described in Explosivstoffe 1961, pp 4 30. Info courtesy of Freiwald,(Ref 2)... 

Let us enumerate some of them Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, State Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Lithuanian Branch of the International Centre for Scientific Culture - World Laboratory, Nordisk Institut for Teoretisk Fysik (NORDITA) in Denmark, the University of Lund in Sweden, International Science Foundation. 

Zenonas Rudzikas State Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy A. Gostauto 12, Vilnius 2600, Lithuania... 

L. A. P. Hoogenboom, State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products (RIKILT), Wageningen... 

St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology, St. Petersburg, Russia... 

Moscow State Institute of Steel and Alloys, 119049 Moscow, Russia... 

Klebanskil, A. L., Symposium on the 20th Anniversary of the State Institute of Applied Chemistry. 1939, pp. 359-83. 

Czech State Institut for Drug Control www.sukl.cz... 

Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA e-mail cxgong mail.csi.cuny.edu... 

Tucker, J.B. (2003). Biosecurity Limiting Terrorist Access to Deadly Pathogens. United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC. 

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