Laboratory prototype

The CamuS system is currently in the form of a laboratory prototype and is undergoing a series of validation tests using an extensive set of test-pieces covering a range of geometries and classes of defect which has been manufactured for the purpose. 

Production of laboratory prototypes and qualification models Value engineering tasks... 

The laboratory prototype of the Dinex electrochemically promoted catalyst unit is shown in Figure 12.12 and the assembled unit schematically in Fig. 12.13. It consists (Fig. 12.14) of a tubular bundle porous (ceramic foam) structure made of CeOa-GcfeOj (CGO) which is an O2" conductor with ionic conductivity significantly higher than YSZ at temperatures below 500°C... 

Australia Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited was demonstrated a 5 kWe laboratory prototype fuel cell system in 1997. Their system has thin sheet steel components as interconnects in a planer fuel cell design. They are currently scaling up to a 25 kWe pre-commercial stack module. 

Some four years of technical service work has been carried out on the laboratory prototype of the gel block, and a preliminary report of this work has already been published by Wheeler and Clifton 11). Arrangements have now been made for the commercial production of the gel block 10). This is an improvement on the prototype in that a boost heater with automatic cut-off is incorporated to reduce the time to heat up from cold to the desired temperature gradient. 

Fig. 7.37 Aluminium-coated plastic ( coffee bag ) encapsulation of a laboratory prototype LPB...

Laboratory prototype simulated test Less reliable than field tests (does not account... 

Most of the industrial cells discussed in Chapter 31 have been developed from laboratory prototypes mentioned in this chapter. Polarographic cells and other cells for electroana-lytical purposes discussed in different monographs [1,2] have been omitted however, some electron spin and some electroanalytical cells can be found in Chapter 2. The problems connected with the scale-up of organic electrode processes and electrochemical engineering have been treated [3-5] and are discussed in Chapter 31. Fuel cells have also been omitted here they are discussed in a special issue of Electrochimica Acta (nr 24, 1998). 

The development of C-E s air pollution control system started in 1964 with the construction of a small pilot facility in our laboratories. A second pilot application on a Detroit Edison Co. unit in 1966 and 1967 followed. Table I lists the full-scale installations (i) that have been sold to date by C-E. In a move to accelerate further development, a large laboratory prototype unit of 12,500 cfm capacity was constructed and began operations in early 1970 (2). 

Results from operation of laboratory prototype units show that both particulate matter and SO2 emissions can be reduced to acceptable levels. However, long-term operation on commercial-sized units must be demonstrated. Three types of C-E tail-end systems, as given below, are being installed by utilities on coal-fired units. 

Methods of aerosol generation—ultrasound, electrohydrodynamics, hydrostatic pressure extrusion of liquid through small orifices—that, just ten years ago, might have been considered laboratory curiosities or perhaps only implemented as laboratory prototype generators, are now in late-stage development as handheld inhalers. In addition, precision dry-powder inhalers are in late-stage development. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-free MDIs, often more... 

For the laboratory prototype a Gilson fraction collector was used. The whole setup as depicted was named MICROTAUROS (Fig. 15.14) (microreactor for automated reaction optimisation) and worked fairly well with only a few drawbacks. The length of the tube necessary for reaching every position on the fraction collector rack precluded very short reaction times. Higher pump rates would compromise the advantage of a laboratory system with the rather small amoimts of materials and small syringes. A much more severe drawback is the fact that a three-way solenoid valve had to be used. In the equilibrium phase the material stream is switched to waste and only diverted for collection of analytical samples. 

However, these reports of multitudinous enzyme-based biosensors should be viewed with some caution, as it is much easier to demonstrate the possibility of using an enzyme in a laboratory prototype than to convert these observations into a reliable, and reproducible, device that can meet commercial product requirements. This is illustrated by table 7.1, which lists the few enzymes that have been reported to have been used in commercial biosensors only about two dozen enzymes have been used commercially. Most of the enzymes are oxidases partly because of the stability of this class of enzyme, and partly because of ease of linking this type of enzyme with a Clark-type oxygen electrode. 

A commercially successful microfabricated electrochemical sensor has remained elusive for a long time, The difficulty of advancing a laboratory prototype to a mass-manufactured product is recognized, but not yet resolved. Packaging problems must be overcome before sensors become commercially viable. 

Generally, most of the piezoelectric crystal detectors described in the literature are laboratory prototypes where study conditions are limited to controlled temperature and humidity levels. One of the most serious limitations is non-selective adsorption of analytes, especially water vapor, which is probably the main reason for the current unacceptable performance of the respective detectors... 

Phase 1. Initial R D leading to a laboratory prototype. This includes... 

A convenient way to investigate the elemental and isotopic composition of the upper surface layers of small bodies of the Solar system is to use small-size laser mass spectrometers, mounted on a lander. Optimal for the purpose is a reflectron type time-of-flight mass analyzer with laser evaporation and ionization of the target, called LASMA (LASer Mass Analyser). It was created on the basis of a laboratory prototype, initially developed for the LIMA-D laser mass spectrometric system on the PHOBOS experiment, a space mission to the Mars satellite. A spin-off modification of the LASMA device was further developed for the special purposes of environmental research. 

The single-stage performance shown in Figure 5 was next used to determine the condenser surface area requirements for a 150-gallon-per-day multistage unit. Additional analysis indicated the type of performance that could be expected. To confirm the effect of the many variables involved, a laboratory prototype unit was constructed (Figure 8). 

Nordlund,E., Chunlin, B. Carlsson, B. 1999. Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory, Prototype repository. Mechanical properties of the diorite in the prototype repository at Aspb HRL -Laboratory tests. SKB, IPR-99-25. 

Stigsson, M., Otters, N., and Hermanson, J., 2001. Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory, Prototype Repository Hydraulic DFN model no 2. IPR-01-39, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB). 

With a laboratory prototype of the bubble tensiometer, it has been possible to measure surface tonsions continuously to within 1-2% [27]. A commercial instrument based on these principles is marketed by Chemdyne Corporation of Mesa, Arizona. The free surfactant concentration can be determined from knowledge of the surface tonsion and a surfactant calibration curve for the system in question. 

Ohta et al. (2006) theoretically proposed to apply a Martin-Puplett-type Fourier-transform spectrometer to the aperture synthesis system in millimeter and submil-limeter waves. They succeeded in proving that this system is capable of performing broadband imaging observations (Ohta et al. 2007). Also a laboratory prototype spectral-spatial interferometer (Chap. 3) has been constructed to demonstrate the feasibility of the double-Fourier technique at far infrared (FIR) wavelengths (0.15-1 THz) by Grainger et al. (2012). 

First laboratory prototypes of molten carbonate fuel cells, built in the 1960s, were in the best case operative for just a few months. At present, intense research and... 

As follows from these tables, symmetrical double-layer supercapacitors based on C/C-type carbon electrodes and, in limited quantities, some hybrid C/NiOOH-type ECSCs are produced at present. In the case of pseudocapacitors based on electron-conducting polymers, there are as yet only laboratory prototypes. 

Table 1.2 Summary of DMFC and DEFC electrical performance for commercial and laboratory prototypes feed with oxygen...

This process has been exploited for rnnning a laboratory prototype polymer lithium-ion cell based on the LiC104-EC-DMC-PAN electrolyte. 

Laboratory prototypes have been fabricated by preparing the electrodes in the form of thin films backed on metallic substrates and separating them by the polymer electrolyte membrane [142, 143]. By charging the cell, Locations enter the graphite structure and C104 anions simultaneously inject into the PPy structure ... 

A technique has been developed for the continuous measurement of emulsion surface tension based on the pressure necessary to form a bubble in liquid. Details of the method may be found in Schork and Ray [24]. With a laboratory prototype of the bubble tensiometer, it has been possible to measure surface tensions continuously to within 1 to 2% [24]. A commercial instrument based on these principles is now available. Figures 5.5 and 5.7 demonstrate the use of the bubble tensiometer to monitor the surface tension of methyl methacrylate emulsion during continuous and batch polymerization. It will be noted that during conversion oscillation the surface tension oscillated as well, in accordance with the discrete initiation mechanism often postulated to explain this phenomenon. 

Figure 6.13 Lamination procedure for the fabrication of LPB laboratory prototypes.

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