Cadmium kidney

Roels HA, Lauwerys RR, Buchet JP, Bernard A, Chettle DR, Harvey TC, Al-Haddad IK. In vivo measurement of liver and kidney cadmium in workers exposed to this metal its significance with respect to cadmium in blood and urine. Environ Res 1981 26 217-240. 

Adamsson E, Piscator M, Nogawa K (1979) Pulmonary and gastrointestinal exposure to cadmium oxide dust in a battery factory. Environ. Health Perspect. 28 219-222 Al-Haddad IK, Chettle DR, Fletcher JG, Fremlin JH (1981) A transportable system for measurement of kidney cadmium in vivo. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 32 109-112 Bernard A, Buchet JP, Roels H, Masson PL, Lauwerys R (1979) Renal excretion of proteins and enzymes in workers exposed to cadmium. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 9 11-22 Bernard A, Goret A, Buchet JP, Roels H, Lauwerys R (1980) Significance of cadmium levels in blood and urine during long-term exposure of rats to cadmium. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 16 31-41... 

Heavy metals, sueh as cadmium, lead and mercury, have been used in certain dyes and pigments, which are used for textiles. These metals can accumulate in the body over time and are highly toxic, with irreversible effects including damage to the nervous system (lead and mercury) or the kidneys (cadmium). Cadmimn is also known to cause cancer. 

Tissue accumidation. Metals may accumulate preferentially in specific tissue sites (e.g., lead in bone, methyl mercury in cerdbral gray matter and the kidney, cadmium in the kidney). 

Crews et al. have applied their size-exclusion separations to a study of Cd speciation in pig kidney. Cadmium in different proteins could be distinguished in cooked, uncooked, and digested pig kidney. The bulk of the soluble cadmium in retail pig kidney was associated with a metallothionein-like protein, some of which survived cooking and digestion. The detection limits of ICP-MS were sufficient to permit studies of Cd speciation at normal levels of Cd previous work on this subject by other methods was generally restricted to abnormally high levels of Cd [45]. 

Solutions in contact with polyvinyl chloride can become contaminated with trace amounts of lead, titanium, tin, zinc, iron, magnesium or cadmium from additives used in the manufacture and moulding of PVC. V-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine is a contaminant of solvents and biological materials that have been in contact with black rubber or neoprene (in which it is used as an antioxidant). Although it was only an artefact of the separation procedure it has been isolated as an apparent component of vitamin K preparations, extracts of plant lipids, algae, livers, butter, eye tissue and kidney tissue [Brown Chem Br 3 524 1967]. 

Cadmium and certain compounds Kidney, prostate, lung... 

Cadmium 0.005 0.005 Kidney damage Corrosion of galvanized pipes erosion of natural deposits discharge from metal refineries runoff fiom waste batteries and paints... 

Cadmium is effectively accumulated in the kidneys. When the cadmium concentration exceeds 200 gg/g in the kidney cortex, tubular damage will occur in 10% of the population, and proteins begin to leak into urine (proteinuria). When the concentration of cadmium in the kidney cortex exceeds 300 pg/g, the effect is seen in 50% of the exposed population. Typically, excretion of low-molecular weight proteins, such as beta-microglobulin, is increased, due to dysfunction of proximal tubular cells of the kidney. The existence of albumin or other high-molecular weight proteins in the urine indicates that a glomerular injury has also taken place. The excretion of protein-bound cadmium will also be increased. 

The site of accumulation may define tlie point of toxic action. Inorganic mercury accumulation in the kidneys causes sever functional impairment Kidney damage has been shown to occur when the accumulated total of cadmium in the kidney cortex reaches 100-200 ppm... 

Cadmium is extremely toxic and accumulates in humans mainly in the kidneys and liver prolonged intake, even of very small amounts, leads to dysfunction of the kidneys. It acts by binding to the —SH group of cysteine residues in proteins and so inhibits SH enzymes. It can also inhibit the action of zinc enzymes by displacing the zinc. 

Zinc and cadmium have an oxidation number of +2 in all their compounds. Zinc is an essential element for human health. It is present in many enzymes and plays a role in the expression of DNA and in growth. Zinc is toxic only in very-high amounts. However, cadmium is a deadly poison that disrupts metabolism by-substituting for other essential metals in the body such as zinc and calcium, leading to soft bones and to kidney and lung disorders. 

Metallothioneins are a group of small proteins (about 6.5 kDa), found in the cytosol of cells, particularly of liver, kidney, and intestine. They have a high content of cysteine and can bind copper, zinc, cadmium, and mercury. The SH groups of cysteine are involved in binding the metals. Acute intake (eg, by injection) of copper and of certain other metals increases the amount (induction) of these proteins in tissues, as does administration of certain hormones or cytokines. These proteins may function to store the above metals in a nontoxic form and are involved in their overall metaboHsm in the body. Sequestration of copper also diminishes the amount of this metal available to generate free radicals. 

C04-0026. Cadmium ions are environmental pollutants found in mining waste, metal plating, water pipes, and industrial discharge. Cadmium ions replace zinc ions in biochemistry and cause kidney damage, high blood pressure, and brittle bones. Dissolved Cd " " impurities can be removed from a water sample... 

Nicholson JK, Osborn D. 1983. Kidney lesions in pelagic seabirds with high tissue levels of cadmium and mercury. J Zool London 200 99-118. 

Barregard, L., Svalander, C., Schiitz, A., Westberg, G., Blohme, I., Molne, J., Attman, P.-O., and Haglind, P., Cadmium, mercury and lead in kidney cortex of the general Swedish population A study of biopsies from living kidney donors, Environment and Health Perspectives, 107, 867-871, 1999. 

There is a protein, metallothionine, which is found in kidney and which binds cadmium and zinc very effectively. This may well be related to the bacterial protein. We see that biological systems have developed highly selective ways of countering the influence of poisonous metals. The protection involves the interaction between a selected protein and a given metal. We can now return to platinum chemistry. 

In a historical cohort mortality study of 1,990 primary lead smelter workers, an SMR of 2.04 for mortality from renal cancer was calculated (Selevan et al. 1985). The cohort consisted of workers who had worked at least 1 year, with at least 1 day of employment at the smelter between 1940 and 1965. The cohort had been heavily exposed to lead and in 1976 the PbB levels averaged 56.3 pg/dL. Exposures to cadmium and arsenic were generally minor. A follow-up study of this cohort was conducted from 1977 through 1988 (Steenland et al. 1992). Analysis of the follow-up study revealed an excess of kidney cancer, particularly in the high-lead group (SMR 2.39). Although, as the authors indicate, the study is... 

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