Keyes process

A key process in the production of gasoline, catalytic reforming is used to increase the octane number of light crude fractions having high paraffin and naphthene contents (C7-C8-C9) by converting them to aromatics. 

Mechanical Properties. Polyester fibers are formed by melt spinning generally followed by hot drawing and heat setting to the final fiber form. The molecular orientation and crystalline fine stmcture developed depend on key process parameters in all fiber formation steps and are critical to the end use appHcation of the fibers. 

The air jet textured yam process is based on overfeeding a yam into a turbulent air jet so that the excess length forms into loops that are trapped in the yam stmcture. The air flow is unheated, turbulent, and asymmetrically impinges the yam. The process includes a heat stabilization zone. Key process variables include texturing speed, air pressure, percentage overfeed, filament linear density, air flow, spin finish, and fiber modulus (100). The loops create visual and tactile aesthetics similar to false twist textured and staple spun yams. 

Ionomer resins are produced in multiple grades to meet market needs, and prospective customers are provided with information on key processing parameters such as melt-flow index. Nominal values for many other properties are Hsted in product brochures. The ASTM test methods developed for general-purpose thermoplastic resins are appHcable to ionomers. No special methods have been introduced specifically for the ionomers. 

It is becoming more and more desirable for the analytical chemist to move away from the laboratory and iato the field via ia-field instmments and remote, poiat of use, measurements. As a result, process analytical chemistry has undergone an offensive thmst ia regard to problem solviag capabihty (77—79). In situ analysis enables the study of key process parameters for the purpose of definition and subsequent optimization. On-line analysis capabihty has already been extended to gc, Ic, ms, and ftir techniques as well as to icp-emission spectroscopy, flow iajection analysis, and near iafrared spectrophotometry (80). 

E. A. Knaggs and J. W. Hodge, Petroleum Sulfonates—Key Process Chemicals in Micellar Polymer Oil Recovery Systems, American Chemical Society,... 

There are two general theories of the stabUity of lyophobic coUoids, or, more precisely, two general mechanisms controlling the dispersion and flocculation of these coUoids. Both theories regard adsorption of dissolved species as a key process in stabilization. However, one theory is based on a consideration of ionic forces near the interface, whereas the other is based on steric forces. The two theories complement each other and are in no sense contradictory. In some systems, one mechanism may be predominant, and in others both mechanisms may operate simultaneously. The fundamental kinetic considerations common to both theories are based on Smoluchowski s classical theory of the coagulation of coUoids. 

Reactive chemical considerations for each key process step (enclose data if possible)... 

Analysis of substances (this is a key process in the identification of new or known chemical and biological substances. Methods of analysis include spectroscopic methods, derivatisation and sequencing meth s). 

Phase 3 - Process Planning. The important design characteristics from Phase 2 are ranked with key process operations, where quantification yields actions to improve the understanding of the processes involved and gain the necessary expertise early on. The critical process operations highlighted are then carried forward to the next phase. 

System designed for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment facility data management, including key process parameters and plant evaluation. 

The next step is to assess whether your existing system possesses all the additional processes that are required. The following are some of the key processes that may not be addressed by existing automotive quality systems ... 

Operational policies, structured to align with the sequence of key processes from receipt of customer inquiry through to delivery and after-sales support, referencing the implementing control procedures... 

Once the make or buy decision has been made, control of any purchasing activity follows a common series of activities, which are illustrated in Figure 6.2. There are four key processes in the procurement cycle for which you should prepare procedures ... 

Is there potential for conflict of interest in accomplishing key process safety management tasks and functions ... 

G Have key personnel had formal training to assist them In performing key process safety management functions ... 

To evaluate the economics of this process, a cost model has been developed to estimate the separation costs for a specific racemate [68, 69]. For this purpose, the sensitivity of the separation costs for several key process parameters have been established as compared to a base-case separation in which a purity of 99 % is required at an enantioselectivity of 1.15. The maximum solubility of the drug is set... 

Figure 1-4. Pictorial flow diagram establishes key processing steps Cement manufacture. By permission, E-M Synchronizer, Electric Machinery Mfg. Co.

To aid in readability by plant management as well as engineering and operating personnel, it is important that a set of symbols be developed as somewhat standard for a particular plant or company. Of course, these can be improved and modified with time and as needed, but with the basic forms and letters established, the sheets can be quite valuable. Many companies consider their flowsheets quite confidential since they contain the majority of key processing information, even if in summary form. 

Increasing the octane number of a low-octane naphtha fraction is achieved by changing the molecular structure of the low octane number components. Many reactions are responsible for this change, such as the dehydrogenation of naphthenes and the dehydrocyclization of paraffins to aromatics. Catalytic reforming is considered the key process for obtaining benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX). These aromatics are important intermediates for the production of many chemicals. 

Finally, before the unit can produce one barrel of product, it must circulate catalyst smoothly. One must be familiar with the dynamics of pressure balance and key process controls. 

Although proper design will greatly enhance stripper performance, it is also very important to note that the performance of the stripper is also largely influenced by the type of feedstocks, catalyst, and operating conditions. The key process parameters for designing a stripper are listed in Table 7-3 (also see Figure 7-3). 

The problem with the Arrhenius definitions is that they are specific to one particular solvent, water. When chemists studied nonaqueous solvents, such as liquid ammonia, they found that a number of substances showed the same pattern of acid-base behavior, but plainly the Arrhenius definitions could not be used. A major advance in our understanding of what it means to be an acid or a base came in 1923, when two chemists working independently, Thomas Lowry in England and Johannes Bronsted in Denmark, came up with the same idea. Their insight was to realize that the key process responsible for the properties of acids and bases was the transfer of a proton (a hydrogen ion) from one substance to another. The Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases is as follows ... 

Comas J, Llorens E, Marti E, Puig MA, Riera JL, Sabater F, Poch M (2003) Knowledge acquisition in the STREAMES Project the Key Process in the Environmental Decision Support System development. A1 Commun 16(4) 253-265... 

The concepts of chemical engineering are easily applied in meeting the challenge of process integration, particularly because many of the key process steps involve chemical reactions. 

---