Kazakhstan

Traverses were made across four copper-molybdenum deposits and soil gas was collected from holes drilled to a depth of 1.0-1.8 m. The soil air was analysed titrimetrically after absorption in an iodine solution. Control analyses were performed by mass spectrometry. The ore deposits, with widths of between 10-400 m, are associated with skams and granite porphyries. The thickness of the overburden is between 0.6-3 m. The ore minerals are principally chalcopyrite, molybdenite, chalcocite, bomite, galena, sphalerite, magnetite and pyrite. Weathering and secondary enrichment have affected the ores to a maximum depth of 95 m. 

Sulphur gases, which were not speciated, are clearly anomalous over the ore bodies, some of which were previously undiscovered (Fig. 8-28). As a follow-up to the surface soil-gas determinations the gases dissolved in the mud of drill holes were determined. These revealed higher concentrations of sulphur gases to be associated with the better-developed mineralisation. 

In geochemical exploration, soil samples, either surficial or (in arid regions) microlayer are the recommended sample medium for the collection of sulphur compounds in soil gases. Soils should be placed in plastic bags or glass containers that are as air-tight as possible. An entire study area should be sampled at one time, over a period of as few days as possible, to avoid weather-related or seasonal fluctuations in soil-gas concentrations. The soil samples should be stored in a cool place or in a freezer. All of the soil samples from a particular area should be analysed as quickly as possible after collection. They should be sieved to the same mesh size and should be of the same weight for analysis. 

Each study area must be interpreted individually. The sampling and analysis techniques and interpretations change depending on the environment in which they are used (wet or dry, cold or hot, polluted or non-polluted, different kinds of soil and vegetation cover). A 

Whilst the general pattern of anomalous sulphur-gas concentrations in a study area remains fairly constant from season-to-season, the concentrations themselves may vary. Therefore, analytical results should be interpreted on samples that were collected during the same time period. Interpolation of results obtained from different field seasons will probably lead to confusion. 

---

The INTROS Flaw Detector is certified by the Russian State Standard Service (GOSSTANDART) as well as approved by the Russian State Mining and Technology Safety Inspection (GOSGORTECHNADZOR). It is used to inspect mining hoist and crane ropes. Fig. 5 illustrates the INTROS use at the mining hoist of an Ural ore mine. The previous model of the instrument, MDK-11 was used to inspect ropes of the air rope ways in Caucasus and Kazakhstan in 1996. Fig. 6 shows the INTROS MDK-11 inspection of 45 mm skyline rope in Almaty, Kazakhstan. 

In the early 1980s mine capacity approached a level of 136,000 t/yr Mo, far more than demand. Several mines have since closed. As of the early 1990s total molybdenum capacity remained well above total demand of about 90,000 t/yr. Estimated 1993 production in units of metric ton of molybdenum was in Armenia, 450 t in Canada, 10,000 t in Chile, 15,000 t in China, 16,000 t in Iran, 1,400 t in Kazakhstan, 1,400 t in Mexico, 1,800 t in MongoHa, 1,400 t in Pern, 2,700 t in Russia, 5,000 t in Uzbekistan, 900 t and in the United States, 37,000 t. 

Russia, Kazakhstan, Argentina, China, Pern, and Chile. Deposit areas and reserves in these countries are shown in Table 3. ... 

Production of borax from the reaction of colemanite and sodium carbonate is carried out in Spain, Italy, and Poland. Turkish production from colemanite has been discontinued in favor of direct production from tincal ore. Sodium borates are produced in Russia from datoHte and in Kazakhstan from szaibelyite. 

Asia/Middle East Kola Peninsula, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, India, Turkey 1.4... 

Infants are particularly sensitive to endosulfan due to their higher intestinal permeability and immature detoxification system. In a study of human breast milk conducted in the country of Kazakhstan in 1994, the concentration of various contaminants, including endosulfan, were determined (Lutter et al. 1998). 

Lutter C, Iyengar V, Barnes R, et al. 1998. Breast milk contamination in Kazakhstan implications for infant feeding. Chemosphere 37(9-12) 1761-1772. 

Sokol skij, D. V., and G. D. Zakumbaeva, Adsorption and Catalysis of 8th Group Metals [in Russian], Nauka Publishers, Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, 1973. 

Hepatitis E is associated with more than 50% of the acute hepatitis cases in endemic areas (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mexico, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa). The virus is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Transmission of HEV is more prominent in underdeveloped countries where sanitation is poor. 

But, the Republics of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan did not respond to our invitations and we had to delete the Item I (above) from the program. For the sake of illustration, I would like to include the agenda for the annual meeting of the Global Foundation s Board of Trustees and members of the Advisory Board to remind us where the world has evolved and what constitutes the fundamental issues that are of concern to everyone. 

The threat of pesticides impact on the environment in Russia and other CIS countries has not diminished because they were used less in the 1990s. The long-term influence of pesticides on the soil not only has not decreased, but has become more apparent. Until recently, OCP soil contamination, significantly exceeding MPC, has been observed in the Krasnodar Krai, in the Republics of Central Asia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, in Ukraine, and in other regions [35]. DDT and its metabolites cause the most significant environmental problems, especially where perennial and industrial crops are grown. 

After use, herbicides decompose slowly, and so affect cultivated plants for many years. In 1990, investigations in many regions of the USSR detected herbicides phytotoxic effects, especially among the si/m-triazine class, on different cultivars in many varied situations [13]. These sym-triazine herbicides, such as protrazin, simazin, atrazine, metazin, and prometrin, were used in different oblasts of the Ukraine, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Moldavia in previous years, especially on corn. Residual herbicide aftereffects led to the suppression and death of crops such as winter wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes, beets and sugar beets, linen, onions, watermelons and other melons, and sunflowers. 

Figure 14.22 Hydrogen isotope ratios of CJ6 oand Cis.-o fatty acids in modern horse milk and adipose fat, both from Kazakhstan (a), displaying seasonal influences [ellipses are 68 % (la) confidence intervals], compared (b) with 8 D values recorded for fatty acids from Eneolithic cooking pot sherds from Botai residues assigned as equine fats based on 813C analysis. Confidence ellipses are la and correspond to the modern reference equine fat values (Outram et al. 2009)...

Besides I would like to inform you about the current situation with automotive fuels in Russia, mainly in Moscow, and in Kazakhstan... 

Recent studies conducted on ore from Kazakhstan have shown that sequential flotation using thionocarbamate collector gave better metallurgical results than those obtained with xanthate. 

Steppe Chernozems, Kastanozems Solonetzes European Kazakhstan 0.7 0.57 0.4... 

B excess Aral-Caspian low plain, Kazakhstan Brunozems, Solonetses, and Solonchaks are enriched in B, up to 280 ppm. The increased content of B in forage species, up to 0.15% by dry weight Accumulation of B in animal organisms leads to the disturbance of B excretion function of liver, reducing activity of amilase and, partly, of proteinase of the intestine tract in human and sheep. Endemic boron ententes sometimes accomplished by pneumonia. Human, sheep and camel morbidity... 

Ni excess South Ural and North Kazakhstan Kastanozems, Solonetses with Ni-enriched soil-forming rocks. 20-fold increase of Ni content in forage pasture species Increasing content of Ni in all tissues, especially in epidermal tissues. Excessive accumulation in eye cornea, up to 0.4 ppm. Skin illnesses, Cattle osteodistrophia, lamb and calf diseases... 

Figure 6. Boron bio geochemical sub-region of biosphere in Russia and Kazakhstan.

---