Deposition area

Russia, Kazakhstan, Argentina, China, Pern, and Chile. Deposit areas and reserves in these countries are shown in Table 3. ... 

Fig. 3. Diagrams of electrochemical cells used in flow systems for thin film deposition by EC-ALE. A) First small thin layer flow cell (modeled after electrochemical liquid chromatography detectors). A gasket defined the area where the deposition was performed, and solutions were pumped in and out though the top plate. Reproduced by permission from ref. [ 110]. B) H-cell design where the samples were suspended in the solutions, and solutions were filled and drained from below. Reproduced by permission from ref. [111]. C) Larger thin layer flow cell. This is very similar to that shown in 3A, except that the deposition area is larger and laminar flow is easier to develop because of the solution inlet and outlet designs. In addition, the opposite wall of the cell is a piece of ITO, used as the auxiliary electrode. It is transparent so the deposit can be monitored visually, and it provides an excellent current distribution. The reference electrode is incorporated right in the cell, as well. Adapted from ref. [113],...

Higher quartz contents in soils occur in areas where the soil parent materials include quartz-rich materials, such as sandstone bedrock or eolian deposits (area 3 Fig. 2) and in regions where high precipitation accelerates soil weathering and leaching, resulting in high contents of residual, inert quartz (areas 9 and 10 Fig. 2). In Fig. 2 the distribution of Al is nearly... 

In 2007, regional water samples were collected along with local waters where present, along an east-west soil transect across the deposit (46 samples). In 2008, these were augmented with 83 more water samples, mostly from ponds over and around the deposit area, for a combined total of 129 water samples (Fig 1). Pond sediments were collected as well and geochemical analysis is underway. 

Many surface waters are extremely dilute (low tens of pS/cm). The lowest specific conductance values are from ponds peripheral to or outside the deposit area. Samples with specific conductance above 89 pS/cm (upper quartile) are from ponds and ground waters within or close to the deposit area. The highest values are from borehole seeps that probably reflect a deeper ground water source. 

Elements anomalous in waters over both Pebble West (thin cover) and Pebble East (thick cover) include Ag, Mo, Sb, Th, U, V, W, and Zn, occurring in all sample types. Anomalous W concentrations are confined to the deposit area, with highest concentrations in springs and boreholes. 

As part of an orientation study, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected soils along traverses across the Pebble deposit area. In 2007, soil samples were collected from 78 sites along a 7.8-km east-west traverse over the Pebble East and Pebble... 

West zones (Fig. 1). Eight additional soil sites were collected outside of the deposit area to determine background concentrations. A north-south traverse (4.5 km, 44 sites) across the Pebble East zone and a short east-west traverse within the Pebble West zone (1.4 km, 12 sites) were sampled in 2008. The soil samples were submitted to USGS and five cooperating laboratories for analysis by ten leach/digestion methods. 

The fine particle airstream from the cyclone was sampled by two total filters in parallel. A Millipore Fluoropore 47 mm diameter Teflon filter with a 1 pm pore size was used for the first seven samples. Subsequent samples were obtained with a 0.4 pm pore size 47 mm Nuclepore polycarbonate filter because particle absorption measurements and elemental analysis by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) were easier and more accurate using the Nuclepore filters. In parallel with the Nuclepore filter, a TWOMASS tape sampler collected aerosol using a Pallflex Tissuequartz tape. The aerosol deposit area was 9.62 cm on the Nuclepore and Millipore filters and 0.317 cm on the Tissuequartz tape. The flow rate was 16-20 1pm through the Nuclepore and Millipore filters and 10 1pm through the Tissuequartz tape. Each Millipore or Nuclepore filter was placed in a labeled plastic container immediately after collected, sealed with Parafilm, enclosed in a ziplock bag, and placed in a refrigerator in the trailer. The tape in the TWOMASS sampler was advanced between samples. The tape sample was removed about once every 8-10 weeks and stored similarly to the Nuclepore filters. The TWOMASS was cleaned at that time. All samples were stored in an ice chest during the return trip to Caltech. Field blanks were handled identically to the samples. Of approximately 100 filter samples collected in 1979, 61 were selected for analysis. The 61 were chosen to span the variation in bjp and to obtain representative seasonal and diurnal samples. Sample times varied from 6 to 72 hours, with an average of 20.1 hours. 

Lake County State Alkalinity (liequiv/L) Surface Area (ha) Deposition Area (ha) Maximum Depth (m) Mean Depth (m) Volume (I05 m3) Catchment Area (ha)" Residence Time (years)h... 

Depositional areas for each core were approximated by both Theissen polygons and depth contours, although the reported fluxes are those only from the polygon method. In practice the two approaches gave virtually the same results. However, we favor the polygon method because proximity to the core site should be a better predictor of Hg accumulation in basins such as these, where sediment deposition is not correlated with lake depth. 

Pyrolytic-laser-assisted CVD is analogous to thermally driven CVD, but instead of a diffuse heating source, a focused laser beam is used to define deposition areas spatially (32, 38, 39) or to heat the gas phase selectively (228). The use of laser has the added advantages of increased energy flux and rapid heating. To avoid photochemistry, the gas phase must be transparent to the radiation. 

Metivier F, Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P, Meyer B (1998) Northeastward growth of the Tibet plateau deduced from balanced reconstruction of two depositional areas The Qaidam and Hexi Corridor, China. Tectonics 17(6) 823-842... 

Figure 5. Deposition area coverage for Trial 3 of the Chemical Logistics Evaluation Trial Series. The heavy solid line is calculated from the deposition measurements and the dashed line refers to the model calculations.

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