Judgement

In the first step, a screening process will be applied to separate the major potential hazards these will be addressed in more detail. QRA techniques are used to evaluate the extent of the risk arising from hazards with the potential to cause major accidents, based on the prediction of the likelihood and magnitude of the event. This assessment will be based on engineering judgement and statistics of previous performance. Where necessary, risk reduction measures will be applied until the level of risk is acceptable. This of course is an emotive subject, since it implies placing a value on human life. 

The example just shown assumed one discount rate and one oil price. Since the oil price is notoriously unpredictable, and the discount rate is subjective, it is useful to calculate the NPV at a range of oil prices and discount rates. One presentation of this data would be in the form of a matrix. The appropriate discount rates would be 0% (undiscounted),.say 10% (the cost of capital), and say 20% (the cost of capital plus an allowance for risk). The range of oil prices is again a subjective judgement. 

A flaw characterisation module (not described here) has also been developed this module uses a number of classification algorithms and various features of the stored RF signals to make a judgement of the type of flaw present. 

In the framework of the new approach third parties have a particular responsibility. Their task has become more difficult especially in cases where products are manufactured directly to the essential requirements. In that case competent interpretation and judgement needs to be applied in order to evaluate whether the required safety level is achieved or not. Not only safeguard clauses and their economic consequences should be avoided but also possible distortion of the market. An exchange of experience between bodies which are notified for a given directive is therefore normally organised with a view to ensuring its coherent application and to avoid such negative consequences. 

The user inspectorate must fulfil the same technical criteria as the notified body. In addition, it must be organisationally identifiable and demonstrate its impartiality. It must not engage in any activities that might conflict with its independence of judgement and integrity. Given that the authorisation of user inspectorates to carry out conformity assessment is an innovation for technical harmonisation at Union level, the Commission shall monitor the application of this measure and evaluate its effects three years after the coming into force of the directive. 

Seme alcohols require longer heating to complete this reaction, and others give urethanes much less soluble in the boiling petroleum. The student must exerdse his judgement to determine the minimum effective time of boiling, and the volume of petroleum which may have to be added to the bdling solution to ensure that the urethane has entirely... 

Taste and Odor. The measurement of taste and odor is somewhat subjective and depends on the personal judgements of individuals. Panels of not less than five observers, and preferably more than ten, are used. The sample is diluted with odor-free water until a ratio at which the odor is just perceptible is determined this ratio is called the threshold odor number (TON). A similar method is used to detect a distinct taste in water (see Flavor characterization). ... 

Check to see whether there are lawsuits, liens or judgements, which may be material to ABC Co. s interests, for example, product liability. 

The aims of sampling are to establish whether eontaminants are present, their distribution and eoneentrations. Commonly-used sampling regimes inelude square grid, stratified random or simple random teehniques. Evenly-spaeed sampling points may be appropriate if the eontamination is visible otherwise judgement is required based on whether the land slopes or is flat. Samples are also taken near to the point of release. 

Allows judgement to be made concerning facilities and routes, for probable hazard and severity of consequences ... 

Judgement may be based on the accident history, type of facility, storage conditions, control technologies in place, and other factors. 

Judgement and concerns of the community can be entered into the ranking and prioritization for community hazards. 

Lawrence, D., and D. W. Edwards (1994). "Inherent Safety Assessment of Chemical Process Routes by Expert Judgement. The 1994 IChemE Research Event, 886-88. 

To eontrol these types of hazards, employers need to develop the neeessary expertise, experienee, judgement, and initiative within their workforee to properly implement and maintain an effeetive proeess safety management program as envisioned in the Oeeupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard. 

The PSA (Miller, 1990, Wyss, 1990a, 1990b) consisted of three steps 1) issues important to safety were identified by "brainstorms" constructed as an accident progression event tree, 2) deterministic calculations were performed on the issues when information was not available from previous calculations or similar systems, and 3) information from step 2 was used to elicii e.vpert Judgement of the issues identified in step 1. 

A major nonconformity is a noncompliance that judgement and experience indicate is likely either to result in the failure of the quality system or to materially reduce its ability to assure controlled processes and products. 

Third party auditors shall identify opportunities for improvement. Auditors have to examine records and make a judgement as to whether results indicate unacceptable trends. 

Policies enable managers to determine whether a subordinate s action or decision was simply poor judgement or an infringement of the rules. If no rule exists, subordinates cannot be criticized for using their judgement, however poorly it is used. If a rule exists, one has to establish whether it was accidentally or deliberately broken, for the latter is a disciplinary offence. Without written policy no one knows where they stand and any decision may create an unwanted precedent. 

The practices may rely on skills acquired through training where judgement is necessary to produce the desired result. 

When customers visit your subcontractors or inspect product on receipt, they have the right to reserve judgement on the final acceptance of the product. The product is not under their direct control and they may not be able to carry out all the tests and inspec-... 

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