Proportional judgements

Mean scores in Spinillo and Bryant s Proportional Judgement tasks (1991). 

We found that the within-half trials were indeed a great deal harder than the cross-half and the half trials (Figure 7.12), which means that the half-boundary is crucial in children s proportional judgements. Some spatial arrangements allow young children to use a relational code to distinguish proportions others prevent them from doing so. 

Spinillo, A., and Bryant, P. (1991). Children s proportional judgements the importance of half. Child Development, 62, 427-440. 

We have properly three fires, without which our art cannot be perfected and whosoever works without them takes a great deal of labor in vain. The first fire is that of the lamp, which is continuous, humid, vaporous, spiritous, and found out by art. This lamp ought to be proportioned to the enclosure wherein you must use great judgement, which none can attain to, but he that can bend to the search thereof. For if this fire of the lamp... 

J. S. Hollands and I. Spence, Judgement of change and proportion in graphical perception. Human Factors 34 313-334 (1992). 

The amount of alkali consumption and dissolved oxygen were divided into three steps, High, Medium and Low, and then the status was calculated as a membership function. The residual substrate concentration was anticipated from the amount of alkali. In this system, the data were evaluated for H, M, and L and obtained as a point rating. The amount of the racemate feed is proportional to the amount of alkali the status of activity in the reaction was evaluated by readings of consumed alkali, of dissolved oxygen, laser turbidity, pH, etc., and a judgement was made at 15 min intervals as to whether the reaction was to be continued. A typical cultivation time course and the evaluation example for the method of control is shown in Tab. 1 and Figs. 8 and 9. 

Complete body shells in plastics are not a feasible proposition due to the lack of torsional stiffness which is proportional to modulus (E) x thickness (t). Plastics materials have E-values 20 to 300 times less than steel (Table 15.6). Hence, plastics in the form of panels are considered more of a practical proposition, i.e. as secondary structures, for example bonnets and boot lids. The important parameter for panels is the flexural rigidity which is proportional to E x t. In this case the ratio of thickness of plastic to steel for equal flexural rigidity is more favourable at between 2.7 and 7. On this basis several plastics could become candidates as indicated in the table. It is a matter of judgement by the designer to what extent panels less rigid than steel will be technically satisfactory and acceptable to the vehicle users. Likewise, an assessment is required of toughness characteristics, impact, and puncture resistance (ref. 1). 

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