Relational judgements

However, at first sight, their relational judgements are just as suspect. To make a reliable judgement about the relative number of two sets you have to use one-to-one correspondence in other words you have to see whether each item in one set can be paired off with an equivalent item in the other. If each item in one set can be paired with one in the other and none is unpaired in either set, the two are equal in number. If not, the one which contains unmatched items has more. This use of one-to-one correspondence is a genuinely relational comparison you know whether the two numbers are the same or not but this does not tell you how many items there are in either set. 

The Competent Person should have sufficient practical and theoretical knowledge and actual experience of the types of plant he is charged with examining and testing as will enable him to detect faults and weaknesses. He should have the maturity to seek such specialist advice and assistance as will be required to enable him to make the necessary judgements. He should also be able to assess the importance of any faults or weaknesses in relation to the strength and function of the plant before he is required to certify it as suitable to carry out its specified duty. The Competent Person should have access to the equipment, specialist s... 

There are a number of other problems relating to the manipulation and interpretation of data that cause difficulty. The most common are (i) uncertainty about the number of replicate results required for proper comparison of the certified reference value, and (2) the actual analytical result and how gross outlier results should be handled. These issues and how to deal with data that falls outside the confidence limit are reviewed in detail by Walker and Lumley (1999), who conclude that whilst customer requirements may provide answers the judgement of the analyst must always be the final arbiter in any decision ... 

All cost indices should be used with caution and judgement. They do not necessarily relate the true make-up of costs for any particular piece of equipment or plant nor the effect of supply and demand on prices. The longer the period over which the correlation is made the more unreliable the estimate. Between 1970 and 1990 prices rose dramatically. Since then the annual rise has slowed down and is now averaging around 2 to 3 per cent per year. 

By choosing different combinations of Hyps. 1 to 9, various "relations between the FeS2—P and FeS2—m type atomic arrangements may be deduced, but only those relevant to the judgement of the pair-reorientation model are presented here. The combination of Hyps. 1, 5, and 7 gives an expression... 

The perception of color is subjectively developed in the mind of an individual, and consequently different people can perceive a given color in various ways. Such variability in interpretation causes great difficulty in the evaluation of color-related phenomena, leading to problems in making objective judgements. The development of quantitative methods for color determination was undertaken to eliminate the subjectivity associated with visual interpretative measurements. 

Identify available information, including information from quality control charts, performance in proficiency testing rounds, literature and validation information on related methods and data concerning comparison with other methods. Use the available information and professional judgement to review each relevant validation issue and sign-off issues adequately addressed and documented. 

Furthermore, the eighth and ninth columns of Table 9, together called resources, show the other types of latent conditions, i.e. infrastructure and human resources. For the ineffective judgement element of the mixing process, in addition to the information flows relating to latent conditions the lack of knowledge of the human resources involved, contributed to the ineffective judgement. 

Bias. (1) A point of view that prevents impartial judgement on issues relating to that point of view. Clinical trials attempt to control this through double blinding. (2) Any tendency for a value to deviate in one direction from the tme value. Statisticians attempt to prevent this type of bias by various techniques, including randomization. 

Discussion of the following three examples, namely, general toxicology, cancer toxicology, and analytical chemistry will be used to illustrate the point. They have been selected because, among the life science-related disciplines, they cover the spectrum of needs for scientific "judgements. ... 

Inspection of the site and an assessment of the wind direction enables an informed judgement to be made regarding the position of the fireworks in relation to the spectators. If necessary, the positions must be adjusted (or even reversed) so that members of the audience have their backs to the wind so far as is possible. It is absolutely vital that smoke and debris do not drift towards the audience. If necessary maximise the distance from the audience for fallout remove items from the display or cancel the display. 

As already mentioned in Chapter 1, there are mainly three geometries suitable for the measurement of flow birefringence, viz. those of the concentric cylinder apparatus, the adapted cone-and-plate apparatus and the slit-capillary with a rectangular cross-section. The general principles of the pertinent techniques have been described in the same chapter. The purpose of the present chapter is to give details of the design and construction in order to enable the reader to form a judgement as to the efficiency of the proposed methods, i.e. the relation between information and experimental effort. 

---