Isotonic drinks

Why are isotonic drinks useful Osmotic pressure in living systems is incredibly important yet how often is the topic dismissed or merely discussed as a means to measure molecular weight of polymers Why not consider polymers as biological macromolecules and add to the discussion that a balance of osmotic pressure keeps our cells from bursting - which goes back to why the isotonic sport drinks are useful Relevance in the examples used in our courses is possible. 

The second area of nutritional significance is that of the so-called isotonic drinks, which are of equivalent osmolality to body fluids. They promote extremely rapid uptake of body salts and water, and are very important products for sportspeople and others requiring almost instant hydration. 

Increased risk with water intake rather than isotonic drinks... 

Sports drinks provide water to the body in the form of an isotonic solution (one having the same total molar concentration of solutes as human blood). These drinks contain electrolytes such as NaCI and KCI as well as sugar and... 

The development of specialised energy drinks or isotonic beverages is perhaps an example of a truly new product area. As new raw materials become available, for example soluble whey protein, whole ranges of products are likely to be spawned. 

Hi) Osmolality. The majority of spoils drinks are formulated to be isotonic, i.e. to have an osmotic pressure matching that of blood serum. This is considered to optimise absorption from the intestine although, as stated earlier, water uptake is optimal with slightly hypotonic solutions. 

It is necessary to undertake a series of adjustments to achieve the target composition. If the osmolality has to be increased by replacing maltodextrin with monosaccharides then additional salts will be required to maintain electrolyte levels these in turn will increase the osmolality and require a further reduction in maltodextrin. Table 13.7 indicates how the components of a typical isotonic sports drink contribute to its osmolality. 

Table 13.7 Osmolality of a typical isotonic sports drink...

It is straightforward to prepare sports drinks in powder form for dissolving at point of use. Isotonicity will depend on the accuracy with which the instructions... 

The other case history was an example of the complete opposite. Here, low urine concentrations were observed in spite of obvious excessive exposure and moderate cholinesterase decline. This was a 49-year-old agricultural sprayman whose techniques were atrocious and protection was minimal. In spite of these practices, however, urine concentrations were always below the 1-p.p.m. level of PNP. It was also noted that, although not drinking excessively, over an 80-day period he failed to concentrate his urine above isotonic levels, suggesting some underlying urinary concentration defect. Correction of his urine to osmotic levels observed in other spraymen would have raised his PNP level to 5 p.p.m. Subsequent evaluation confirmed the presence of proximal and distal renal tubular dysfunction. 

Treatment— Loosen clothing, drink isotonic beverages, and rest. 

Bacterial infections are the other common neglected diseases. They comprise leprosy and trachoma, which are controlled by antibiotic treatments, Buruli ulcer, managed by surgery and antibiotics, cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae living in contaminated drinking water, and for which antibacterials and isotonic fluid replacement therapy are recommended. 

If kidney function is adequate o Administer isotonic saline IV to hydrate the patient, o Make sure the patient drinks 3000 to 4000 ml of fluid to excrete the calcium in urine. 

Monosaccharides in soft drinks, isotonic beverages, fruit juice, and sugarcane spirits Carbohydrates in alcoholic drinks/wine... 

Development of small but sophisticated systems for electrochemical generation of hypochlorite from very dilute solutions of NaCl is of present interest. In recent years, electrochemical synthesis of extra-pure sodium hypochlorite solutions for medical use has received growing attention [84,85]. The electrolytic solution is an isotonic physiological salt solution containing 0.89% NaCl. Another application is the disinfection of drinking water that contains only 10-100 mg NaCl per liter [86,87]. Reviews of onsite generation of hypochlorite for water treatment and of the sterilization of water and wastewater include those of Michalek and Leitz [56] and, more recently, Scott [88]. 

Gennaro (51) proposed a method for the separation of water-soluble vitamins by means of the ion interaction reagent using octylamine < -phosphate or octylamine salicylate buffer (at pH 6.4) as the interaction reagent and the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and a 2.5-p.m Spherisorb ODS C18 column (250 X 4.6 mm) as the stationary phase. The column effluent was monitored at 210 nm. Retention times of pantothenic acid obtained with octylamine t)-phos-phate and octylamine salicylate were 64.0 and 9.8 min. The method was used for the determination of pantothenic acid in a model mixture of water-soluble vitamins and also in a commercial multivitamin isotonic salt dietetic drink (Fig. 9). 

Figure 9 Determination of pantothenic acid in a multivitamin isotonic salt dietetic drink. Chromatographic conditions see Table 3. Peak identification (1) L-ascorbic acid (2) niacin (3) pantothenic acid. (From Ref. 51.)... 

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