Examples solubility

Prepa.ra.tlon, There are several methods described in the Hterature using various cobalt catalysts to prepare syndiotactic polybutadiene (29—41). Many of these methods have been experimentally verified others, for example, soluble organoaluminum compounds with cobalt compounds, are difficult to reproduce (30). A cobalt compound coupled with triphenylphosphine aluminum alkyls water complex was reported byJapan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd. (fSR) to give a low melting point (T = 75-90° C), low crystallinity (20—30%) syndiotactic polybutadiene (32). This polymer is commercially available. 

Once an antibiotic producer has been identified, the next stage is to produce sufficient of the antibiotic to evaluate its potential for therapeutic use. Questions, such as, is it toxic to humans , is it effective against disease organisms , does it possess suitable characteristics (for example solubility, chemical stability) for use as a medicine , need answering. Let us assume that a new, potentially useful antibiotic has been discovered. The key questions then become, how can the desired material be produced in the most cost effective way is it possible to produce variants of the antibiotic which have desirable properties, such as greater effectivity against infection, cheaper ways to produce it or increased stability ... 

The GA is a heterogeneous material having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic affinities. GA physicochemical responses can be handled depending on the balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. GA functional properties are closely related to its structure, which determines, for example, solubility, viscosity, degree of interaction with water and oil in an emulsion, microencapsulation ability, among others. 

Several factors contribute to the dual nature of silicone defoamers. For example, soluble silicones can concentrate at the air-oil interface to stabilize bubbles, while dispersed drops of silicone can accelerate the coalescence process by rapidly spreading at the gas-liquid interface of a bubble, causing film thinning by surface transport [1163]. 

Acyl migration is a reversible process, and external factors (for example, solubility) can influence the equilibrium. Thus, after dissolution of methyl 2-0-benzoyl-4,6-0-benzylidene-a-D-glucopyranoside in acetone-aqueous sodium hydroxide, almost immediate crystallization of the 3-benzoate occurred, in 65% yield.549 Similarly, benzyl 3-0-benzoyl-4,6-0-benzylidene-/3-D-galactopyranoside yielded the 2-... 

As an example, solubility in the system KOI - NaCl - H O at 20 C has been calculated. Necessary data are given as follows ... 

It is appropriate at this point to briefly discuss the experimental procedures used to determine polymerization rates for both step and radical chain polymerizations. Rp can be experimentally followed by measuring the change in any property that differs for the monomer(s) and polymer, for example, solubility, density, refractive index, and spectral absorption [Collins et al., 1973 Giz et al., 2001 McCaffery, 1970 Stickler, 1987 Yamazoe et al., 2001]. Some techniques are equally useful for step and chain polymerizations, while others are more appropriate for only one or the other. Techniques useful for radical chain polymerizations are generally applicable to ionic chain polymerizations. The utility of any particular technique also depends on its precision and accuracy at low, medium, and high percentages of conversion. Some of the techniques have the inherent advantage of not needing to stop the polymerization to determine the percent conversion, that is, conversion can be followed versus time on the same reaction sample. 

As different kinds of plants require for their development in some cases the same mineral substances, but in unequal quantities, a Boil may become barren for any one kind of plant, when by a series of crops one only of these constituents, as for example, soluble silica has been so far removed that the remaining quantity is no longer sufficient for a crop but it may still contain sufficient mineral constituents for another kind of crop which does not require soluble silica. A third sort of plant may thrive on the same soil after the second, if the remaining mineral constituents suffice for a crop of it. Upon thia fact depends the rotation of crops. 

The ideal product of a gravimetric analysis should be very pure, insoluble, and easily filterable, and it should possess a known composition. Few substances meet all these requirements, but appropriate techniques can help optimize the properties of gravimetric precipitates. For example, solubility is usually decreased by cooling the solution. 

The development of specialised energy drinks or isotonic beverages is perhaps an example of a truly new product area. As new raw materials become available, for example soluble whey protein, whole ranges of products are likely to be spawned. 

Each of the methods of physically differentiating an imaged area from an unimaged area can be applied ingeniously to develop an overall imaging system which can be used to make a desired product. For example, solubility differences can be used to... 

Extending the metathesis polymerization methodology to other cyclooctate-traene derivatives, provides a convenient route to a variety of substituted polyacetylene derivatives. For example, soluble conjugated polyacetylene derivatives can be prepared through the ROMP of trimethylsilylcyclooctatetraene (40) Eq. (41) [60 a d]. 

Other interesting avenues are also being explored. For example, soluble 1-D coordination polymers based upon dendrimers in combination with palladium have been made 107 such soluble, low-dimensional polymers are of interest for liquid crystalline behavior and use in nanocomposites. One-and two-dimensional coordination polymers have also been used as templates for the formation of zinc oxide nanorods and... 

Considerations about fluid beds with small particles of high density to improve the capture of large macromolecules at high speed have been extensively described.78 80 This technology has been described for the capture of monoclonal antibodies from crude feedstocks containing cells using dense solid phases. In a first example, soluble antibodies from mammalian... 

The solubility of drugs and medicines in either water or fats plays an important part in administering the active components to the sites where they are needed. Water solubility is very important when drugs are taken orally as they usually have to dissolve in gastric fluids before being taken up and transported to the parts of the body where they are needed, for example soluble aspirin. Some drugs, when they reach the site, dissolve in the fluids of the cells and are used by the cells for treatment of the ailment. 

Table VII shows some results of the subfractionation (by particle size) of the amylose obtained from a single fractionation cycle. Increase of the starch concentration increases the average particle-size of the precipitated amylose fraction. Systems containing degraded starch (for example, soluble starch), irrespective of the rate of cooling, always yield amylose precipitates of very fine particle-size (about 0.2 micron).

Frank et aL reported examples of quickly screening solvents for organic solids. In one particular example, solubilities of aspirin in four different solvents (acetone, ethanol, chloroform, and cyclohexane) were used to regress the Hansen solubility parameters for the solute, aspirin. Once the Hansen solubility parameters are identified for aspirin, Frank et al. showed that one could quickly estimate the solubilities of aspirin in any solvent or solvent mixture as long as the Hansen solubility parameters are also available for the solvents. 

Interfacial films of protein coagulate under certain conditions, the properties of the coagulated protein being quite different from those of the original crystalline protein. F or example, solubility is lost. 

Molecules that are related as diastereoisomers have different melting points and solubilities, and have different rates of reaction. In some cases, these different rates of reaction can lead to a particular product being formed from a reaction of one diastereoisomer but not the other. Use is made of differences of, for example, solubility of diastereoisomers in the resolution of a racemic mixture (Section 3.6). 

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