Resistance series

The SBSC in common with other solar cells is a low impedance device and as such should possess a low series resistance. The three main factors which contribute to increased series resistance are contact resistance, sheet resistance of the semitransparent metal layer forming the Schottky barrier and bulk resistance of the semiconductor substrate. 

When a series resistance component is present in an SBSC the V-I output characteristic under illumination is no longer given by equation 27 but by the/following equation. 

T = 300 K) for several different values of R. T e large decrease in available power output with increasing apparent. 

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L = series inductance in the circuit in henry R = series resistance in the circuit in Q. 

The switching currents must be limited to as low a value as possible. However, in general, capacitors are designed for switching cuirents up to lOO/f (r.rn.s.) for milliseconds. If necessary, a series resistance or indtictance can be introduced into Ihe switching circuit to limit them to a desired level (Seetion 23.1 I ). 

Tan 5 is a measure of dielectric loss in a capacitor unit and is represented by the ratio of equivalent series resistance and capacitive reactance of a capacitor unit at the rated voltage and frequency (Figure 9.7) i.e. 

One last factor is the physical layout of the output stage when more than one output filter capacitor is used. The capacitors should be located radially symmetric from the output rectifier, and the printed circuit traces for the rectified voltage and the grounds should be of similar trace-widths and lengths. Any dissimilarity of these traces causes more series resistance and inductance to the... 

Every eapaeitor has a small resistanee and induetanee in series with the spee-ified eapaeitanee of the eapaeitor. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) and equivalent series inductance (ESL) are parasitie elements eaused by the eon-struetion of the eapaeitor. Both tend to isolate the internal eapaeitanee from the signal on its terminals. Henee a eapaeitor will have its best eharaeteristies at de, but may behave more poorly at the switehing frequeney of the supply. 

Vorsatz-linse, /, lens placed in front, -papier, n. book lining paper, fiyleaf paper, vorschalten, v.t. (Elec.) introduce (into a circuit), cut in, connect, connect in series. Vorschaltwiderstand, m. (Eke.) (rheostatic) resistance, series resistance, vorschkrfen, v.t. sharpen (or strengthen) pre viously. 

The series resistance of a transmission line is closely related to the losses that will be dissipated when current passes through the line (proportional to the square of the current magnitude). The resistance is proportional to the length of the line but inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the conductor. 

Where anodes are installed in special backfill, two series resistances are present — anode to backfill and backfill to soil. In practice, and with coke breeze backfill, a single calculation based upon the dimensions of the backfill column and soil resistivity is satisfactory. 

The electrical characteristics of the cell and electrode will comprise both capacitative and resistive components, but for simplicity the former may be neglected and the system can be represented by resistances in series (Fig. 19.36 > and c). The resistance simulates the effective series resistance of the auxiliary electrode A.E. and cell solution, whilst the potential developed across by the flow of current between the working electrode W.E. and A.E. simulates the controlled potential W.E. with respect to R.E. 

In a more recent paper, we showed that, to obtain the actual mobility, the current-voltage data should be corrected for the contact series resistance [78. Corrected results for 6T and 8T are shown in Figure 14-24. 

The transparent top contact is deposited last of all, which imposes restrictions on the process temperature. Thermally evaporated ITO and ZnO deposited by metal-organic CVD (MOCVD) are most suitable. At a typical thickness of 70 nm the ITO serves as a good antireflection coating as well. Due to the somewhat high sheet resistance, a metal (Ag) grid is necessary to reduce the series resistance [11]. 

Dielectric losses arise from the direct capacitive coupling of the coil and the sample. Areas of high dielectric loss are associated with the presence of axial electric fields, which exist half way along the length of the solenoid, for example. Dielectric losses can be modeled by the circuit given in Figure 2.5.3. The other major noise source arises from the coil itself, in the form of an equivalent series resistance, Rcoii. Exact calculations of noise in solenoidal coils at high frequencies and small diameters are complex, and involve considerations of the proximity and skin depth effects [23],... 

Returning to the fundamental ac harmonic in Fig. 3.42, we wish to establish the relationship between I and the faradaic impedance Z( instead of considering a combination of a series resistance Rs and a pseudo-capacity C8, the alternative is to separate a pure resistance of charge transfer Rct and a kind of resistance to mass transfer Zw, the Warburg impedance the derivation of the polarogram39 then (for AEtc < 8/remV) leads to the equation... 

This means the equivalent series resistance of SC should notably be reduced in order to increase their specific power. Hence, as can be shown, the electrode resistivity should be reduced significantly - down to 0.5... 

Figure 5. The capacitive discharge. Sometimes series resistance slows the discharge, increasing or decreasing the likelihood of a dust ignition.

The equivalent series resistance (ESR) and equivalent series inductance (ESL) of the output capacitor substantially control the output ripple. Use an output capacitor with low ESR and ESL. Surface mount Tantalums, surface mount polymer electrolytic and polymer electrolytic and polymer Tantalum, Sanyo OS-CON, or multilayer ceramic capacitors are recommended. Electrolytic capacitors are not... 

The commercial Pt series resistance are well known. The characteristic of Pt-100 resistor are reported in Table 9.2 and Fig. 9.4. 

J Xue, S Uchida, BP Rand, and SR Forrest, 4.2% efficient organic photovoltaic cells with low series resistances, Appl. Phys. Lett., 84 3013-3015, 2004. 

The R-X plot shows the most variation in the subthreshold region, while the G-B plot shows the most variation above threshold. One sees from the G-B plot that the high frequency response of the diode is independent of bias (>1 MHz). To fit the data, one models each material phase or interface as a parallel R-C combination. These combinations are then added in series, and an overall series resistance and series inductance are added. For the data in Figure 10.6, three R-C elements are used. One R-C element is associated with the Schottky barrier. Another is associated with the high frequency bias-independent arc, which we believe is associated with the capacitance of the alkoxy-PPV. The thinness of the film... 

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