Intrinsic response

Fig. 5. Calculated relationship between log (relative sensitivity) and log (crystal volume) for (—) intrinsic response (blue) and (------) dyed response (minus...

A good sensitizing dye does not interfere with other system properties. Sensitizing dyes can sometimes influence the intrinsic response of a chemically sensitized emulsion, leading to desensitization or additional sensitization. The dye can also interfere with development rate, increase or decrease unwanted fog density, and remain as unwanted stain in the film after processing. The dye should have adequate solubihty for addition to the emulsion, but should not wander between layers in the final coating. 

Preliminary research has shown that Brillouin fiber-optic sensing systems provide a possible method to detect leaks and third-party intrusion on a pipeline over distances of 25 km or more. Their intrinsic response to both temperature and mechanical strain allows for the separation of these parameters and the detection of anomalies in the scan profiles. In addition, the same sensor could be integrated into the pipeline system to detect possible ground movement relative to fixed reference points. Limited test results on surface loads associated with the intrusion of vehicles and people on a pipeline have demonstrated the sensitivity of the system and its ability to discriminate loads at different soil depths. 

A. In general, any factor that increases absorption through the stratum comeum or mucous membrane will also increase the severity of an intrinsic response. Unless this factor mirrors potential exposure conditions, it may, in turn, adversely affect the relevance of test results. 

Recall that the calculation of 4>m relies on equation 13.4. It is important to emphasize that the validity of this equation rests on two assumptions. The first is a direct consequence of the way the microphone responds to the rate of the process, as it originates the photoacoustic wave. All the fast processes yield a measured waveform with the same time profile all the slow processes produce virtually no signal. Between these two extremes an intermediate regime exists, in which the time profile of the measured waveform varies to reflect the rate of the process. The fast and slow process rates are defined in relation to the intrinsic response of the microphone, determined by its characteristic oscillation frequency v. 

In a typical experiment, the sample is a solution (e.g., in benzene) of both the ferf-butoxyl radical precursor (di-tert-butylperoxide) and the substrate (phenol). The phenol concentration is defined by the time constraint referred to before. The net reaction must be complete much faster than the intrinsic response of the microphone. Because reaction 13.23 is, in practical terms, instantaneous, that requirement will fall only on reaction 13.24. The time scale of this reaction can be quantified by its lifetime rr, which is related to its pseudo-first-order rate constant k [PhOH] and can be set by choosing an adequate concentration of phenol, according to equation 13.25 ... 

Transient leukopenia with a disproportionate reduction in neutrophilic leukocytes has been reported during treatment with sulfadiazine silver (35). This adverse effect appears to run a typical course sulfadiazine-induced leukopenia reaches a nadir within 2-4 days of starting therapy, with a characteristic fall in the neutrophil count and a relative increase in the number of band forms. The erythrocjrte count is not affected. By 2-3 days after the onset of leukopenia, the leukocyte count returns to normal. The leukocjrte count tends to recover whether or not the silver sulfadiazine is withdrawn and may also be an intrinsic response to bum injury and unrelated to the use of silver sulfadiazine. 

Density functional theory is a very fruitful theoretical tool to understand and develop reactivity concepts. Several quantities have been defined to construct a theoretical framework of the intrinsic response of chemical species, using either intuitive or formal procedures. However, this framework is far from a final and complete form, and no systematic procedure is known to generate the appropriate quantities to describe a specific problem. This work shows that some of the most successful reactivity parameters appear from a procedure where energy stabilization takes a relevant place. 

Examples of the instrument response function and observed fluorescence are shown in Figure 3. The data set in the top plot of F%ure 3 was obtained by observing light scattered from a glucose solution with both the output monochromator of the dye laser and the emission monochromator set to 366 nm. Thus this represents the instrument s intrinsic response. Note that the full width at half the maximum height of the peak (FWHM) is about 2 ns, greater than the laser s quoted 200-300 ps this implies that the detection electronics do not respond instantaneously on this time scale. The lower plot of Figure 3 shows the observed fluorescence from 10 pM dansylamide, with excitation at 366 nm and emission monitored at 560 nm. The monoexponential lifetime was determined to be about 2.5 ns. 

Exponential decays are common forms for a wide variety of physical phenomena. Consequently, many tools have been developed for their analysis. The present application has several complications. We are dealing for the most part with biexponential decays, so that we have two lifetimes to determine. We are also interested in the relative contribution from each lifetime component to the total fluorescence. Furthermore, the intrinsic response of the instrument (Figure 3, top) is not insignificant with respect to many of the lifetimes that we determine. Thus our observed data are distorted, albeit in a well-defined way, from the simple biexponential in Equation (7). For these reasons, many of the literature techniques for exponential analysis, such as semilogarithmic plots, the phase-plane method [15,16], and Fourier division [17,18], are not useful to us. 

T. Ikeda, T. Sasaki, and H.-B. Kim, Intrinsic response of polymer liquid crystals in photochemical phase transition, 7. Phys. Chem. 95, 509-511 (1991). 

At a fundamental level, pharmacokinetics is a useful tool of pharmacists and physicians for optimizing the dosage regimen of drugs for individuals who may differ in their intrinsic response and their ability to absorb and eliminate drugs. Adjustment of dosage regimen to account for individual differences and disease states is, in essence, an exercise in clinical pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacy practice. 

An InSb bolometer working at the temperature of boiling helium ( 4.2 K) will have an intrinsic response time of about 1 fcs, a sensitivity of the order 10VmW and a noise equivalent power below 10pWHz 5. The working bandwidth of the detector spans from DC to the IR region, and response is effectively fiat over the MMW spectrum. The QMC Instruments Ltd. InSb... 

Polymersomes are, like any other vesicular structure, able to encapsulate hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules, but unlike other vesicular structure, their macromolecular nature makes them stronger and more stable with the intrinsic responsiveness of polymers. All these properties make polymersomes one of the most interesting supramolecular structures with potential applications in drug... 

In conclusion, Pt/4H-SiC diode rectifiers of the type used for high-power electronic applications are also shown to be effective in gas sensor Hj detection. The time response of the diodes is limited by the gas mass flow transport characteristics, with the intrinsic response due to changes in the interfacial OH-dipole layer being very rapid. 

The first section details the purely intrinsic response of ferroelectrics and discusses their anisotropic properties, the useful application of which can be controlled by the correct orientation of a sin e crystal or by texturing a polycrystalline material. Attention is then focused on one of the most significant extrinsic contributions to the polarization response of ferroelectrics, namely the motion of domain walls. The effect of the domain wall contribution can be controlled by the hardening-softening of... 

An important aspect of the enhanced intrinsic response of ferroelectrics is anisotropy, the direction dependence of properties. By symmetry, ferroelectric crystals are anisotropic with respect to dielectric, mechanical, and electromechanical properties, and this issue is essential when designing devices that exploit the highest material responses by correctly orienting single crystals [8, 33-35]. The crystal axes, along which the highest material response occurs, may not coincide with the polar directions of spontaneous polarization for a given ferroelectric phase. This is the case... 

These normalized electromechanical equations are applicable to any chemistry, and allow you tailor the optimal single-crystal intrinsic response. Furthermore, any improvement on the chemistry of a ferroelectric material will asymptotically converge to an optimal orientation of 54.76° for materials with weak anisotropy, or to zero in the limit of A.. = 2/3. 

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