Biologically effective dose

4-Aminobiphenol protein adducts (usually serum proteins) Aflatoxin Br/V7-guaninc adducts in urine 

Endogenous Exposure Estrogen, catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones 

hepatitis B virus HBsAg, hepatitis B virus surface antigen TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 

Examples of Biomarkers of Exposure. In the studies described in Section 26.1, biomarkers were not used to measure meat consumption or HCA intake. In the case-control study reported by Butler et al. (Example 1.3), HCA intake was assessed 

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A biomarker of susceptibility is an indicator of an inherent or acquired limitation of an organism s ability to respond to the challenge of exposure to a specific xenobiotic substance. It can be an intrinsic genetic or other characteristic or a preexisting disease that results in an increase in absorbed dose, a decrease in the biologically effective dose, or a target tissue response. If biomarkers of susceptibility exist, they are discussed in Section 3.10 Populations That Are Unusually Susceptible. 

Monitoring the radiation of sunbeds serves two major purposes - finding out the current radiation intensity and establishing the (accumulated and biologically effective) dose the user has been exposed to. The intensity of the fluorescent lamps that are usually used as UV source decreases in time. As a consequence, a longer tanning session is needed for a particular dose. 

The purine bases either alone or in combination as nucleic acids or their derivatives and components are practically unaffected by biologically effective doses of ultraviolet light. Over 90% of the purine bases can be isolated from DNA exposed to enough light to destroy 80-90% of the pyrimidine components.7... 

Each situation requires an evaluation of the hypotheses to be tested before the personal monitor can be designed and the identification of the types and duration of exposure that may occur. Once inhaled, the compound may be rapidly metabolized in the body short-term measurements would be appropriate for such processes. The compound may instead have a long residence time at a specific site in the lung or may be stored in an organ or tissue. Thus, the inhaled compound or one or more of its adducts or metabolites could eventually deliver a biologically effective dose to a target organ or cell (13). The monitor must be developed with consideration of the... 

As stated in Chapter 1, biomonitoring in the context of this report is focused on biomarkers of exposure, that is, it is limited to the early stages in the process internal dose, biologically effective dose, and early biologic effect. 

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