Intrauterine insemination

A provocative, nontechnical article on the ability to choose, with the aid of a flow cytometer, the sex of our children was written by L Belkin ( Getting the Girl in The New York Times Magazine, July 25, 1999, pp 26-55). Results from a clinic that sells this technique to prospective parents have been reported by Fugger EF, Black SH, Keyvanfar K, Schulman JD (1998). Births of normal daughters after MicroSort sperm separation and intrauterine insemination, in-vitro fertilization, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod. 13 2367 2370. 

After the age of 35 in women, fecundity decreases sharply. Delaying childbearing until the age of 35 or beyond is therefore one of the major reasons why in the last decade attention has been drawn to the decline in fertility in older women (Gl, S8, S26, V2). The number of couples seeking help for infertility problems after their 30s and even 40s is increasing (P6). People of advancing age are destined to end up in a sort of age trap of declining fecundity and therefore the need for more time to conceive on the one hand and, on the other hand, less time available to conceive because of declining fecundity. The older the people are who need infertility treatment, the more they will feel the pressure to conceive within a short period of time (P7) the demand for assisted reproduction techniques, such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) after ovarian hyperstimulation or in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer, will therefore increase. 

Also, in a program of timed intercourse, intrauterine insemination, and cup insemination of donor semen following ovulation induction, a significant lower number of women beyond the age of 40 became pregnant or had live births (P6). Beyond the age of 44, no woman became pregnant. 

Bovine serum albumin is often used as protein supplement in cell culture media, and residual bovine serum albumin in some formulations has occasionally caused adverse effects. Symptoms are usually mild, such as itching and urticaria. An anaphylactic reaction has been described in a patient undergoing bone marrow transplantation after the bone marrow cells had been kept in bovine serum albumin. As a component of sperm processing media, bovine serum albumin has caused adverse effects after intrauterine insemination (1). The risk of transmission of nvCJD by recombinant proteins is unknown, as cell cultures used for manufacturing them often contain bovine serum albumin (2). 

Sonenthal KR, McKnight T, Shaughnessy MA, Grammer LC, Jeyendran RS. Anaphylaxis during intrauterine insemination secondary to bovine serum albumin. Fertil Steril 1991 56(6) 1188-91. 

Smith YR, Hurd WW, Menge AC, Sanders GM, Ansbacher R, Randolph JF Jr. Allergic reactions to penicillin during in vitro fertilization and intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril 1992 58(4) 847-9. 

Intrauterine insemination (lUI) involves induction of ovulation, followed by transfer of motile sperm directly into the uterine cavity. This type of procedure is indicated if erectile dysfunction or male infertility (low motility, count, and/or poor morphology) has been identified, if the cervical environment is not conducive for effective sperm motility and/or sustenance, and if there are any physiological dysfunctions (93). 

ART, assisted reproduction technology FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone nGnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone lUI, intrauterine insemination IVF, invitro fertilization PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome, WHO, World Health Organization. 

In view of the notion that chemotaxis is required for the selection of capacitated spermatozoa, faulty precontact sperm-egg communication may be one of the causes of male infertility, female infertility, or both. It is reasonable that, in the future, chemotaxis may be exploited as a diagnostic tool for sperm quality and male infertility and may be used as a biological sperm-selection procedure before in vitro fertilization, especially before intracytoplasmic single sperm insertion or for intrauterine insemination. Moreover, the chemotactic activity of a follicular fluid may be an effective way to monitor the possible effects of different ovulation induction protocols on the maturational status of oocytes aspirated for in vitro fertilization [2]. On the other hand, interference vwth sperm chemotaxis may represent an exciting new approach to contraception. 

Shulman, A., R. Hauser, S. Lipitz, Y. Frenkel, J. Dor, D. Bider, S. Mashiach, L. Yogev, and H. Yavetz. 1998. Sperm motility is a major determinant of pregnancy outcome following intrauterine insemination. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 15(6) 381-385. 

Motazedian S, Babakhani L, Eereshtehnejad SM, Mojthahedi K (2010) A comparison of bromocriptine cabergoline on fertility outcome of hyperprolactinemic infertile women undergoing intrauterine insemination. Indian J Med Res 131 670-674... 

Lorusso F, Palmisano M, Serrati G, Bassi E, Lamanna G, Vacca M, Depalo R. Intrauterine insemination with recombinant or urinary human chorionic gonadotropin a prospective randomized trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2008 24 644-8. 

The essentiality of cadmium was investigated systematically in control goats with 300 pg Cd kg ration DM, and in corresponding Cd-deficient animals with < 15 pg kg ration DM. The cadmium-poor nutrition did not have any effect on feed intake (629 and 644 g/day, respectively). Live weight gain (18.2 and 16.8 kg by day 91 of life, respectively) was not affected by Cd-poor nutrition, whereas Cd deficiency had a significant effect on first insemination, rate of abortion and number of services. The Cd-poor nutrition of mothers affected the activity of the kids. The intrauterine Cd-depleted kids were often very... 

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