International standards deals with

International standards dealing with sensory testing... 

It enables the development of product and sector international standards, dealing with E/E/PE safety-related systems. This should lead to a high level of consistency (for example, of underlying prineiples, terminology etc.) both within and across application sectors this will have both safety and economic benefits. 

The main purpose for the heating and air conditioning of work spaces is to provide an environment that is acceptable and does not impair the health and performance of the occupants. During production processes and in the external environment it may be necessary to work in unacceptable conditions for a limited time period. However, it must be ensured that these conditions do not impair the health of the employees. Light, noise, air quality, and the thermal environment are all factors that influence the acceptability of conditions for and performance of the occupants. This section will only deal with the thermal environment. Several standards dealing with methods for the evaluation of the thermal environment have been published by international standard organizations such as ISO and CEN. 

Standards dealing with the quality of a service have been developed by a number of national and international organizations. The requirements of an analytical laboratory depend on its size, the range of its activities and the type of analysis carried out. There are therefore a number of Standards that should be considered by an analytical laboratory. These Standards will be covered in more detail in Chapter 9. 

Syed Imtiaz Haider has a Ph.D. in chemistry and is a quality assurance specialist with over 10 years of experience in aseptic and nonaseptic pharmaceutical processes and equipment validation, in-process control, and auditing. Dr. Haider is the author and co-author of more than 20 research publications in international journals dealing with products of pharmaceutical interest, their isolation, and structure development. He is a professional technical writer and author of more than 500 standard operating procedures based on FDA regulations, ISO 9000, and ISO 14000 standard. 

There are no specific international standards for packaging inks dealing with the determination of ink components or their migration. Some guidance may be found in the standards dealing with substances in paper and board and in plastics, referred to in section 13.7.5. 

As a last step the standard deals with data quality analysis. This step should support the validity of the analysis. Methods for more reliable data quality analysis are a present focus of research and international harmonization. 

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published a standard with the subject of CMS (ISO standard 16505 Road vehicles—Ergonomic and performance aspects of Camera-Monitor Systems—Requirements and test procedures ) [22]. The standard deals with the requirements and test procedures for CMS in road vehicles. 

Instrument data sheets usually only state acciu-acies xmder reference conditions. Mass and volume accuracies derived fi-om these data are often too optimistic. For correct interpretation of data sheets and justification of the choice of instruments, errors caused by the installation should also be taken into account. This can be difficult. Even within international organizations dealing with standardization, much time is spent to establish the correct way to calculate or determine final uncertainties. 

An international committee (ISO/TC45) deals with the standardisation of test methods for rubber and the standardisation of rubber product specifications. There is a parallel committee for plastics, materials and products ISO/TC61. Individual countries also have standard setting bodies such as BSI and ASTM. 

When dealing with organic pharmaceutical systems, an organic internal standard is preferred. The X-ray powder patterns of organic compounds, however, often contain numerous lines. As a result, it might not be possible to identify lines unique to the analyte and the internal standard that are completely separated from one another. Therefore, inorganic compounds are often used as internal standards. 

Sections I-V of this chapter deal with the syntheses of unsaturated organic compounds playing an essential role in biochemical processes of life. Numerous polyunsaturated compounds have been synthesized in order to elucidate their physiological role, for instance in brain. However, the main impact on permanent searches for new improved methods of synthesis of isotopically labelled dienes and polyenes comes from nuclear medicine and nuclear pharmacy. The deuterium and carbon-13 labelled polyunsaturated compounds are needed as internal standards in mass spectral determinations of very low concentrations of biologically active substances in biological fluids. 

This method of using an internal standard to deal with matrix and background effects has, of course, been used for ages in analytical chemistry. Equally useful would be another analytical method, namely that of standard additions. In this latter approach, the sample is spiked with successively increasing amounts of the pure analyte, and the intercept in the response-concentration curve is used to calculate the amount of analyte in the original sample. 

ISO has two important functions in analytical chemistry. The first is to publish descriptions of accepted methods. These are effectively industry standard methods for particular protocols. The second is in laboratory accreditation. For a laboratory to be ISO accredited, compliance with international QA standards must be confirmed by an initial assessment and subsequently from repeated audits by an independent assessor. Since ISO has no legal or regulatory powers, the standards are voluntary. It is unlikely, however, that a forensic analysis which did not conform to an ISO standard would be upheld in court, for example. Most commercial laboratories need to be accredited to remain competitive and to deal with regulatory authorities. Most university labs are not accredited, mainly due to the time and costs involved, and also to the nonroutine nature of much university research. However, university accreditation may become a requirement in the near future, especially for publicly funded research in the UK. The details of laboratory accreditation are discussed by Christie et al. (1999) and Dobb (2004). 

Beyond national approvals the Codex Alimentarius is developing a General Standard for Food Additives which will be the applicable basis for international trade. All and only sweeteners endorsed for food use by JECFA are/or will be listed in this standard. For bulk sweeteners the standard has progressed to permanent while the part dealing with intense sweeteners is still under discussion. 

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