Organic pharmaceutical systems

When dealing with organic pharmaceutical systems, an organic internal standard is preferred. The X-ray powder patterns of organic compounds, however, often contain numerous lines. As a result, it might not be possible to identify lines unique to the analyte and the internal standard that are completely separated from one another. Therefore, inorganic compounds are often used as internal standards. 

R D management tends to be dominated by a project management paradigm, and most organizations develop systems based upon standard project management software, for example, Microsoft Project . This is very useful for project control, but of much less help in decision support. John Gittins claimed in 1997 [10] that very few pharmaceutical companies practice use of decision analysis in planning their work. Decisions tend to be made only for a baseline plan, and typically... 

The inclusion of solvent molecules as part of the crystal lattice is another common phenomena in both organic and inorganic systems. Calcium phosphate used in modem building plaster, sets when it reacts with water and crystallizes as a stable deca-hydrate. In pharmaceutical systems it is common... 

A second type of solid phase is also possible, and commonly found in pharmaceutical systems. In this case, molecules in the solid phase are randomly distributed like those of the liquid phase, and do not posses long range order. A solid of this type is called amorphous or glassy, and is often found in organic molecules that have several flexible bonds. 

Recovery of sodium sulfate from waste is an important waste control strategy within synthetic organic pharmaceutical plants. A sodium sulfate waste recovery system was employed... 

Overall, the kinins are an important part of a well-organized physiological system. The various aspects and interdependencies of the kinin system have been, and continue to be, the focus of intensive research efforts in many laboratories. Many pharmaceutical companies have identified this system as an ideal site for therapeutic intervention in many inflammatory diseases. Hence, there have been many diverse approaches taken toward the discovery of antagonists (peptide and nonpeptide) of B2 and B1 receptors. This review focuses on the structure-based design strategies pursued in our laboratories during the past several years. 

The first two items are important in inorganic systems while the latter two are important in organic pharmaceutical assemblages of particles. The following table presents a comparison of a few commercial materials ... 

The various polymerization methods are used due to demand of specific morphology of MIPs in chromatography and SPE applications. Presently MIPs for pharmaceutical templates are prepared mostly using bulk and precipitation methods. Application of a variety of polymerization methods in mixed organic solvent systems possibly even aqueous polymerizations may allow for better tailoring of the imprinting environment, which may result in increase water compatibility of MIP for extraction of the target pharmaceutical compound from aqueous environment. 

Hydroformylation of acrylate esters is a potentially very important reaction since the branched aldehyde product gives an entry point to production of important pharmaceuticals and methacrylate ester monomers. Hydroformylation of methyl acrylate (Scheme 20) proceeded in toluene with [Rh(acac)(CO)2] + PlCeHsla at 50°C and 5 MPa CO/H2 with a TOF of 225 h , aldehyde yield 95.4% and a branched to normal aldehyde ratio of more than 200 (165). In an aqueous organic biphasic system (40 mL toluene -I-10 mL water), the initial TOF increased to 545 h, retaining the high regioselectivity (b/n = 128). This effect is not unprecedented— polar solvents may facilitate reactions with polar intermediates or products which are strongly solvated. However, when the reaction was catalyzed with the same Rh-catalyst in a supported aqueous phase on silica gel. 

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