Persistent toxic substances

Durham, R.W. Oliver, B.G. J. Great Lakes Res. 1983, P, 160-168. Thomas, R.L. Veik. Intemat. Verein. Limnol. 1981, 21, 1666-1680. Literature Review of the Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances on Great Lakes Biota Fitchko, J., Ed. Report to the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board, International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, 1986, 256p. Allan, R.J. Symp. Biol. Hung. 1989, 38, 217-243. 

Bowerman, D.A., Best, T.G., and Grubb, G.M. et al. (1998). Trends of contaminants and effects in bald eagles of the Great Lakes Basin. In M. Gilbertson et al. (Eds.) Trends in Levels and Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Great Lakes, 197-212. 

UNEP, Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances (http //www.chem.unep. ch/pts/). 

Persistent organic pollutants (POP), 747 Persistent toxic substances (PTS), 747 Personal care preparations, pharmaceuticals, 621... 

Pseudomonas aureoginosa, up/downregulation of metabohsm, 610 Pseudorotation, ozonides, 721, 722 PTS (persistent toxic substances), 747 Pulp... 

High-hazard chemical waste could result from relatively high concentrations of hazardous organic chemicals (e.g., dioxins) or persistent toxic substances (e.g., heavy metals). Some wastes may be... 

Malisch, R., van Leeuwen, F.X.R., 2004. Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in human milk—Third round of WHO-coordinated exposure study, International Conference on Environmental and Public Health Management Persistent Toxic Substances, Hong Kong, November 17-19, 2004. 

Miller, G.J., Connell, D.W., Anderson, S.M., 2002. Health risk assessment of persistent toxic substances in Australia. Prepared for 2nd technical working group meeting, Region 8, GEF-UNEP project on global assessment of persistent and toxic substances, April 17-19, 2002, Penang, Malaysia. 

UNEP Chemicals, 2002. Regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances, Europe Regional Report, December 2002. 

Such factors make India an area of great concern while evaluating the global status, transport and distribution of persistent toxic substances, because of its increasing and uncontrolled use of chemicals, their distinctive climatic conditions, excessive population, multitude of diseases, intensive agriculture, increased industrialization, etc. (Allsopp and Johnston, 2000). 

The climatic conditions in India facilitate its role as a global contamination source for persistent toxic substances. Many geographers characterize the climatic changes in India as violent. There are often abrupt changes on the onset of monsoon rains, sudden flooding, rapid erosion, extremes of temperatures, tropical storms and unpredictable fluctuations in rainfall (www.indianchild.com/climate india.htm). By all these, India represents wide range of climates. 

Persistent toxic substances in the Indian environment 9.4.1. PTS in Indian atmosphere... 

Generally, not much work was available in the published literature on the levels of persistent toxic substances in the waters along the coastal areas of India. Most of the data available are on the two classic organo-chlorine pesticides, DDT and HCH and some sporadic reports on PCBs, BTs, cyclodines and some other organophosphorus pesticides in the coastal environmental samples. Neverthless, some recent works showed... 

In the blubber samples of three spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) specimens, Iwata et al. (1994) found very low levels of butyl tin compounds (2ng g-1 wet wt.) of tri-, di- and monobutyl tins. In the same three specimens Minh et al. (2000a) found 31 ng g-1 (8.7-63) of TCPMe and 36 ng g-1 (10-58) of TCPMOH in the blubber which are lower than the values found in marine mammals from the colder mid-latitude oceans. Other than the above-cited works, we could not find any other literature providing information on the quantities of persistent toxic substances in the tissues of aquatic mammals of India. 

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