International Chemical Congress, First

Write an equation to represent the method by which Priestley generated oxygen gas. Note that he did not know it was a diatomic molecule. This was not finally established until the first International Chemical Congress in 1860. 

In a jungle of obscure and exotic terminology, it was often difficult to read chemical texts. In 1860, during probably the first international Chemical congress, held in Karlsruhe, participants tried to put an end to these deep differences on words and symbols that harmed communication and discussion. It raised a fundamental theoretical issue for the agreement on figures and formulas to be subordinated as well as the definitions of basic concepts atoms, molecules and equivalents. Moreover it materialized the existence of an international chemical community and defined the rules for its functioning... 

Probably the most distinguished assembly of chemists in the history of science (8) could be found at the First International Chemical Congress which was held in Karsruhe in the Kingdom of Baden in 1860. Aside from Kekule, Liebig, Wohler, Bunsen and von Baeyer, there were also present Jean Baptiste Dumas, Hermann Kopp, Adolph Kolbe, Sir Edward Frankland, Dmitri Mendeleev, Friedrich Beilstein, Lothar Meyer and Charles Friedel, all of them "academically related." It was at this meeting that Stanislao Cannizzaro, a young Italian chemist who was working in Sardinia, and a former assistant of Michel Chevreul in Paris, burst in an... 

Senator J. Glenn and R. Harrison, Hearings...Global Spread, pp.151-2 see also H. Allen Holmes, Statement included in Hearing and Markup on Chemical Weapons Proliferation before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Arms Control, International Security and Science, and on International Economic Policy and Trade House of Representatives, 101st Congress, first session, 4 May 1989, p.l4. 

Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation, Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Finance and Monetary Policy, 101st Congress, first session, 22 June 1989. 

Committee on Foreign Affairs. Chemical-Biological Warfare US Policies and International Effects. Hearings before the Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments. 91st Congress, first session. 18,20 November, 2,9,18,19 December 1969. 

Dayhimi, L, Bahar, K., Eliasy H., 1988. The effect of sulfur mustard gas (SMG) on the immune system The First International Medical Congress on Chemical Warfare Agents in Iran. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, June 13-16, No. 12. 

Harmonization of pharmacopeial standards as a practical matter began at the International Congresses of Pharmacy between 1865 and 1910 [2], but the first formal attempt can be traced to 1902. Both USP President Horatio C. Wood, M.D., and Frederick M. Power, Ph.D., an American chemist of the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories of London, were appointed by the U.S. Secretary of State as delegates to represent the United States government at the International Conference for the Unification of the Formulae for Heroic Medicines, a conference of 19 countries from Europe and North America [3]. The second conference occurred in 1918. The 3rd in 1925 was attended by 31 countries from all continents except Asia and Australia. They drafted a new International Convention, which came in force in 1929. It revised the 1902 agreements on 77 heroic medicines and introduced the concept of maximum dose. It also requested that the League of Nations create a permanent secretariat of pharmacopeias [4]. Andrew G. DuMez, Ph.D., represented the USP, and was officially appointed by the U.S. Public Health Service to represent the United States at this conference [4,5]. An expert committee of the League of Nations planned a third conference for 1938, but it was never convened because of World War II [2]. 

In addition to complete histories of the science, several other types of general works may be noted. First, there are several volumes of collected essays that deal, mainly or exclusively, with the history of chemistry. An example of these is the published proceedings of the Symposium on Alchemy, Chemistry and Pharmacy , held during the International Congress of History of Science at Liege in 1997.28 There is also a volume of essays on the history of chemistry in the multi-volume Italian publication, Storia della scienza.29 The five-year European Science Foundation Programme, The Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939 ,30 which was launched in 1993, has resulted in a number of collections of essays on Lavoisier,31 on aspects of the chemical industry,32-35 on chemical textbooks,36 and on chemical education and institutions.37-39... 

Comparative Analysis of UV Flu-ence Measurement using Chemical Actino-metry, Biodosimetry, and Mathematical Techniques, Conference Proceedings of the First International Congress on Ultraviolet Technologies, International Ultraviolet Assoc. (lUVA), June 14-16, Washington, DC, electronic release. 

Harmonization of pharmacopeial standards as a practical matter began at the International Congresses of Pharmacy between 1865 and 1910, but the first formal attempt can be traced to 1902. USP President Horatio C. Wood, M.D. and Frederick M. Power, Ph.D., an American chemist of the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories of London, were appointed by the U.S. Secretary of State as delegates to represent the U.S. government at the International Conference... 

From the proceedings of the First Congress of the International Society for Theoretical Chemical Physics. June 28th - July 3rd, 1993, Girona, Spain. 

Mendeleev also attended the 1860 Karlsruhe Congress, the first international chemistry conference. Many of the leading chemists of the day were in attendance, and one of the central questions addressed was the appropriate method for calculating atomic weight. Different chemists used different systems, leading to widespread confusion over everything from nomenclature to chemical formulas. Mendeleev heard the Itafian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro present Amedeo Avogadro s hypothesis that equal vol-tunes of gas under equal temperature and pressure contained equal numbers of molecules. 

The first concerted international effort to develop coherent policies for systematic organic nomenclature was made by the International Commission for the Reform of Chemical Nomenclature at the Geneva Congress in 1892. From the Commission developed what is known today as the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC), whose declared function is to systematize and codify existing nomenclature practices insofar as they are determined to be sound. Such efforts have been well documented [15] and have resulted in the publication of comprehensive rules for systematic inorganic and organic nomenclature [16,17]. Paren-... 

---