Cannizzaro. Stanislao

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Cannizzaro, Stanislao. Sketch of a Course of Chemical Philosophy. Alembic Club Reprints. Edinburgh 1947. 

CANNIZZARO, STANISLAO (1826-1910). Born in Italy, lie extended the research of Avogadro on the molecular concentration of gases and thus was able to prove the distinction between atoms and molecules. His investigations of atomic weights helped to helped lo make possible the discovery of the periodic law hy Mendeleyev. His research in organic chemistry led to the establishment of the Cannizzaro reaction involving the oxidation reduction of an aldehyde in the presence of concentrated alkali. 

Ostwald s reluctance to accept the chemical atom as an entity would surely have yielded to the overwhelming evidence provided by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Although Ostwald did not hve to see it, this technique provides such clear evidence of the reality of simple atoms that even he would have been convinced, see also Avogadro, Amedeo Berthol-let, Claude-Louis Berzehus, JonsJaKob Boyle, Robert Cannizzaro, Stanislao Dalton, John Einstein, Albert Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis Lavoisier, Antoine Ostwald, Eriedrich Wilhelm Svedberg, Theodor Molecules. 

The idea of chemical equivalents was stated by Henry Cavendish in 1767, clarified by Jeremias Richter in 1795, and popularized by William Wollaston in 1814. Wollaston applied the concept to elements and defined it in such a way that one equivalent of an element corresponded to its atomic mass. Thus, when Wollaston s equivalent is expressed in grams, it is identical to a mole. It is not surprising then that the word mole is derived from molekulargewicht (German, meaning molecular weight ) and was coined in 1901 or 1902. see ALSO Avogadro, Amedeo Cannizzaro, Stanislao Cavendish, Henry Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis. 

The electronic and molecular geometries of covalent molecules, and hence their resulting polarities, can thus be predicted fairly accurately. Armed with these tools, one can predict whether or not a molecule should be soluble, reactive, or even toxic, see also Bonding Avogadro, Amedeo Bohr, Niels Cannizzaro, Stanislao Dalton, John Le Bel, Joseph-Achille Lewis, Gilbert N. Lewis Structures Pauling, Linus Thomson, Joseph John van t Hoff, Jacobus. 

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