Biological weapons proliferation

In analyzing the biological weapons proliferation problem through economic incentives that might... 

Spertzel RO, Wannemacher RW, Linden CD. Biological Weapons Proliferation. Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases 1993. Defense Nuclear Agency Report DNA-TR-92-116. 

Spertzel RO, Wannemacher RW, Linden CD. Global Proliferation—Dynamics, Acquisition, Strategies, and Responses. Vol 4. In Biological Weapons Proliferation. Alexandria, Va Defense Nuclear Agency September 1994. DNA Technical Report 93-129-V4. 

Bartholomew, Statement included in Hearing...C/iem/ca/ and Biological Weapons Proliferation, p.l5 Harrison, Statement included in Hearings...Spread, p.403 Robinson, The Australia Group, pp.160-4. Holmes, Hearings...Spread, p.ll4 US GAO, Control, p.26. 

G. Thatcher, Their Secret Task Is to Halt Spread of Chemical Weapons, in Poison on the Wind, pp.B16-17 see also Seth Cams, Htarings.,Global Spread, p.66 E.D. Harris, Hearing...Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation, p.52 J. Adams, Arms and the Salesman, p.C2. 

Fialka, Fighting Dirty, pp.Al, A22 R. Perle, Hearing...U.S. Government Controls on Sales to Iraq, p.50 Bailey, Doomsday Weapons in the Hands of Many, pp.70-1 T. Shanker, West Underwrites Third World s Chemical Arms , Chicago Tribune, 3 April 1989, pp.l, 6 M. Turnispeed, Hearing... C/iemica/ and Biological Weapons Proliferation, p.l08. 

Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation, Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Finance and Monetary Policy, 101st Congress, first session, 22 June 1989. 

HARRIS, E.D., Towards a Comprehensive Strategy for Halting Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation , Arm j Control, vol.l2, no.2, September 1991. 

Gillian R.WooUett, Industry s Role, Concerns, and Interests in the Negotiation of a BWC Compliance Protocol, in Biological Weapons Proliferation Reasons for Concern, Courses of Action, Henry L. Stimson Center Report No. 24, January 1998, p. 45. 

Chemical and biological weapons (CBW) have long been called the poor man s atomic bomb, but they are actually weapons of mass destruction that once could be afforded only by a few powerful and industrialized nations however, during the twenty-first century, a proliferation of technology has now made them readily available to second and third rate powers, as well as terrorists and one man or woman acting alone... 

Bolton s opinion was bolstered in June 2005 by Senator Richard Lu-gar s survey of 85 non-proliferation and national security analysts from the United States and other nations. It was designed in part to characterize the risks related to the terrorist use of CBRN. The survey revealed that experts believe the probability of an attack somewhere in the world with a CBRN weapon was 50% over the next five years and 70% over the next ten. An attack with a radiological weapon was seen as the most probable with the likelihood of an attack with a nuclear or biological weapon considered about half as plausible [37]. The average probability of a nuclear attack in the next ten years was nearly 30%, with experts almost evenly divided between terrorist acquisitions of a working nuclear weapon versus self-construction [37]. The average risk estimate over ten years for major chemical and biological attacks was 20%. Senator Lu-gar concluded The bottom line is this for the foreseeable future, the United States and other nations will face an existential threat from the intersection of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. ... 

Nevertheless, it was events in Kurdistan in particular which fully illustrated both the ambiguity of what was banned and the absence of verification measures under the Geneva Protocol. Only use of chemical weapons was banned, not possession. In 1972 the United Nations General Assembly had adopted the Convention of the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Biological Weapons. Chemical weapons fell outside this convention and by 1988 it became clear that a chemical weapons treaty was urgently needed to place effective constraints on the proliferation of these weapons worldwide. 

Harms van den Berg, The Fatal Fallout from El A1 Flight 1862, Jerusalem Report (21 December 1998), pp. 16-21. For a comprehensive review of Israel s chemical and biological weapons programme, see Avner Cohen, Israel and Chemical/Biological Weapons History, Deterrence and Arms Control, The Non-Proliferation Review, Fall-Winter (2001), pp. 27-53. 

Cohen, Avner, Israel and Chemical and Biological Weapons History, Deterrence and Arms Control, Non-Proliferation Review (Fall-Winter 2001). 

Ricin and Proteins The threat of a nuclear attack is one reason that Congress established the bipartisan Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism in 2007. In December 2008, the Commission issued World at Risk, a report that cautions that a weapon of mass destruction is likely to be used somewhere in the world before the end of 2013 unless action is taken immediately to forestall such an event.22 There are two major categories of weapons about which they are most concerned. Obviously, nuclear weapons in the hands of terrorists could kill enormous numbers of people, and the Commission agrees that the risk of a nuclear terrorist attack is increasing. However, they predict that it is more likely that terrorists will obtain and use a biological weapon first.23... 

Rimmington, Anthony, Fragmentation and Proliferation The Fate of the Soviet Union s Offensive Biological Weapons Programme, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 20, April 1999, pp. 86-110. 

Thomas Stock, Chemical and Biological Weapons Developments and Proliferation , SIPRI Yearbook 1993 World Armaments and Disarmament (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 259-292 Robert Noyes, Chemical Weapons Destruction and Explosive Waste/Unexploded Ordnance Remediation (Westwood, NJ Noyes Publication, 1996) National Research Council, Alternatives to Commercial Incineration of CAIS , in Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Material Disposal Program Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets (Washington, DC National Academy Press, 1999), pp. 75-94. 

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