Profile intensity

Digital subtraction of equations (1) from (2) produces a correlation image, or shearogram. For normal illumination and viewing, the intensity profile /, of the image is given by... 

Fig. 38. Diagram comparing the optical characteristics of a standard binary chrome mask with a phase-shift mask. The changes in the electric fields introduced by the phase-shift elements result in a sharper light intensity profile at the wafer surface.

The first detailed investigation of the reaction kinetics was reported in 1984 (68). The reaction of bis(pentachlorophenyl) oxalate [1173-75-7] (PCPO) and hydrogen peroxide cataly2ed by sodium saUcylate in chlorobenzene produced chemiluminescence from diphenylamine (DPA) as a simple time—intensity profile from which a chemiluminescence decay rate constant could be determined. These studies demonstrated a first-order dependence for both PCPO and hydrogen peroxide and a zero-order dependence on the fluorescer in accord with an earher study (9). Furthermore, the chemiluminescence quantum efficiencies Qc) are dependent on the ease of oxidation of the fluorescer, an unstable, short-hved intermediate (r = 0.5 /is) serves as the chemical activator, and such a short-hved species "is not consistent with attempts to identify a relatively stable dioxetane as the intermediate" (68). 

The bimodal profile observed at low catalyst concentration has been explained by a combination of two light generating reactive intermediates in equihbrium with a third dark reaction intermediate which serves as a way station or delay in the chemiexcitation processes. Possible candidates for the three intermediates include those shown as "pooled intermediates". At high catalyst concentration or in imidazole-buffered aqueous-based solvent, the series of intermediates rapidly attain equihbrium and behave kineticaHy as a single kinetic entity, ie, as pooled intermediates (71). Under these latter conditions, the time—intensity profile (Fig. 2) displays the single maximum as a biexponential rise and fall of the intensity which is readily modeled as a typical irreversible, consecutive, unimolecular process ... 

The kinetic expression for the time—intensity profile (I vs /) for this model is given by the following... 

Stevioside and rebaudioside A are diterpene glycosides. The sweetness is tainted with a bitter and undesirable aftertaste. The time—intensity profile is characteristic of naturally occurring sweeteners slow onset but lingering. The aglycone moiety, steviol [471 -80-7] (10), which is the principal metaboHte, has been reported to be mutagenic (79). Wide use of stevia ia Japan for over 20 years did not produce any known deleterious side effects. However, because no food additive petition has been presented to the FDA, stevioside and related materials caimot be used ia the United States. An import alert against stevia was issued by the FDA ia 1991. In 1995, however, the FDA revised this import alert to allow the importation and use of stevia as a diet supplement (80), but not as a sweetener or an ingredient for foods. Several comprehensive reviews of stevia are available (81,82). 

The disaccharide stmcture of (12) (trade name SPLENDA) is emphasized by the manufacturer as responsible for a taste quaUty and time—intensity profile closer to that of sucrose than any other high potency sweetener. The sweetness potency at the 10% sucrose solution sweetness equivalence is between 450 and 500X, or about two and one-half times that of aspartame. When compared to a 2% sugar solution, the potency of sucralose can be as high as 750X. A moderate degree of synergy between sucralose and other nonnutritive (91) or nutritive (92) sweeteners has been reported. 

Alitame (trade name Adame) is a water-soluble, crystalline powder of high sweetness potency (2000X, 10% sucrose solution sweetness equivalence). The sweet taste is clean, and the time—intensity profile is similar to that of aspartame. Because it is a stericaHy hindered amide rather than an ester, ahtame is expected to be more stable than aspartame. At pH 2 to 4, the half-life of aUtame in solution is reported to be twice that of aspartame. The main decomposition pathways (Fig. 6) include conversion to the unsweet P-aspartic isomer (17) and hydrolysis to aspartic acid and alanine amide (96). No cyclization to diketopiperazine or hydrolysis of the alanine amide bond has been reported. AUtame-sweetened beverages, particularly colas, that have a pH below 4.0 can develop an off-flavor which can be avoided or minimized by the addition of edetic acid (EDTA) [60-00-4] (97). 

Fig. 4.11. Characteristic intensity profiles for three different kinds of concentration (a) bulk type (b) particulate type and (c) thin-layer type. The critical angle d>c is determined by total reflection at the substrate ([4.21], after Ref [4.44]).

The depth profiling of the Cu-Ag-Si samples was performed with the laser beam focused on to the sample surface to the spot of approximately 30-40 pm. To obtain the best depth resolution the laser fluence was maintained near the 1 J cm level, close to the threshold of the LIBS detection scheme. The intensity profiles of Cu and Ag emission lines are shown in Fig. 4.43. The individual layers of Cu and Ag were defi-... 

The crater surfaces obtained in the LA-TOF-MS experiment on the TiN-TiAlN-Fe sample were remarkably smooth and clearly demonstrated the Gaussian intensity distribution of the laser beam. Fig. 4.45 shows an SEM image of the crater after 100 laser pulses (fluence 0.35 J cm ). The crater is symmetrical and bell-shaped. There is no significant distortion of the single layers. Fig. 4.45 is an excellent demonstration of the potential of femtosecond laser ablation, if the laser beam had a flat-top, rather than Gaussian, intensity profile. 

The similarity of velocity and of turbulence intensity is documented in Fig. 12.29. The figure shows a vertical dimensionless velocity profile and a turbulence intensity profile measured by isothermal model experiments at two different Reynolds numbers. It is obvious that the shown dimensionless profiles of both the velocity distribution and the turbulence intensity distribution are similar, which implies that the Reynolds number of 4700 is above the threshold Reynolds number for those two parameters at the given location. 

Figure 10-11. The sample is a 290 nm thin film of LPPP deposited on a BK7 substrate. A planar waveguide glass/polymer/air is formed since the polymer film has the highest index of refraction. The resulting intensity profile of the guided TE waveguide mode for the sample is shown on the right hand side. Only one guided mode is supported.

Properties of the luciferases. According to Shimomura and Flood (1998) and Shimomura et al. (2001), all Periphylla luciferases L, A, B and C catalyze the oxidation of coelenterazine, resulting in the emission of blue light (Amax 465 nm). Luciferases B (40 kDa) and C (80 kDa) are apparently the dimer and tetramer, respectively, of luciferase A (20 kDa). The presence of a salt is essential for the activity of luciferase, and the optimum salt concentration is about 1M in the case of NaCl for all forms of luciferases. The luminescence intensity of luciferase L is maximum near 0°C, and decreases almost linearly with rising temperature, falling to zero intensity at 60°C the luminescence intensity profiles of luciferases A, B and C show their peaks at about 30°C (Fig. 4.5.3). The Michaelis constants estimated for luciferases A, B and C with coelenterazine are all about 0.2 xM, and that for luciferase L is 1.2 jiM. 

After the preamplifier, the beam is expanded to 2 mm, collimated and imaged onto a 1 mm aperture, producing a flat-top intensity profile. A 3-element telescope relays the aperture plane to the amplifier with a collimated 0.5-mm diameter. The telescope contains a spatial filter pinhole. The nominal power levels are 3 mW into the preamp, 500 mW out of the preamp and 200 mW out of the aperture. A 6° angle of incidence bounce beam geometry is utilized in the amplifier cell. The "bounce" foofprinf overlaps with the 4 pump beam fibers, arranged in 2 time sefs of 13 kHz. The pump fibers have f 50-60% fransmission. The amplifier brings the power up to < 20 W at 26 kHz. 

Near field beam profile fo check the spatial and intensity profiles. 

Basic Interferometer Properties (1.6-9) Although the relationship between element aperture diameter, baseline, and wavelength is quite simple, it is instructive to visualise the influence of each of these characteristics. To this end, we consider a Young s interferometer with element diameters D = Im, a baseline B = 10m at a wavelength A = 1/nm in the animations. The intensity profile across the fringe pattern on the detector (screen) is shown with linear and logarithmic intensity scales in the lower two panels. The blue line represents the intensity pattern produced without interference by a single element. 

Fig. 13. X-ray intensity profile with diffi action vector along qx (in the plane of layers) in the smectic X phase for the mixture of polyphilic compounds M70. The solid line through the data points is the smn of three Lorentzian peaks which are shown hy broken curves (Blinov et al. [44])...

Fig. 3—Schematic representation of screen display showing calculated intensity profile.

Figure 10.8 (a) The light intensity profile used in this experiment and the morphology obtained at low magnification obtained for a PSC/PVME (20/80) blend irradiated at 127°C for 240min. 

Fig. 3.9. Intensity profile I of H-atoms beam incident on the target. Beam pressure in the main chamber is 6.3xl0 5 Torr temperature of H-atoms generator pyrolysis filament is 1550 C.

Figure 6. Possible intensity profiles for two mechanisms for the formation of ion clusters (a) Ionization through AID mechanism, (b) Ionization through ADI mechanism. The signal would persist for long times due to the lifetime of the NH4 in the cluster, and its ensuing ionization, (c) Ionization through both AID and ADI mechanisms. Taken with permission from ref. 65.

X-ray diffraction with facilities for determining the intensity profile of each diffraction line is particularly informative. Criteria which have been adopted as evidence of good bulk homogeneity (54) are (1) a correct lattice constant eto, and (2) a symmetrical X-ray diffraction profile. A method has also been described (30) for determining if a range of lattice... 

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