Intellectual property applications

PCT application data from the World Intellectual Property Office... 

A patent file history, also called a file wrapper, is the complete set of documents for a patent filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. These papers chronicle communications and actions taken by the patent examiner, the applicant, and the applicant s attorney from the time of patent application to issue. File histories are available from commercial services such as Intellectual Property Network (described below). 

Despite all the intellectual property generated in this field, the application has not reached commercial scale. It does not mean that there has not been any progress. In fact, the biocatalyst development has greatly advanced, much of it due to the advancements in the techniques, methods and tools related to MB and GE. MB techniques raised the understanding of the biocatalyst from the level of whole cells to clearly defined... 

Replacement of the phenyl group of anthranilic acid by a cycloalkene represents another strategy to obtain intellectual property. This endeavor resulted in three consecutive patent applications [73-75] and a publication [76]. The advantages of tetrahydro anthranilic acid as a surrogate for anthranilic acid include reduced CYP2C8 and 2C9 inhibition and improved oral exposure in mice (analogs 25 vs. 12). Ultimately, a pre-clinical candidate, MK-6892 (26), was selected from this series due to its... 

Intellectual Property In general, the investigator retains ownership and development rights to their invention, consistent with Bayh-Dole provisions [4]. The investigator is expected to submit an Investigational New Drug Application (INDA) with the FDA under their own sponsorship. Specific information can be found at the NIH-RAID website. 

Intellectual Property A review of intellectual property, relevant to the project, is requested as part of the application. The guidelines for ownership of intellectual property generated will vary with each project and generally depend on the stage of the project. 

It is the responsibility of the reader to become familiar with patents that may cover particular compounds, compositions, reactions, or their use in bioconjugation applications. If patents or patent applications exist, it is important that permission or a license be obtained to use it before exploiting any intellectual property for commercial use. 

To date, an impressive number of gene mutagenesis methods are available for application in directed evolution 17-20,36,37). However, it is currently not clear how they compare in terms of efficiency and ease of performance. It is also not obvious when and how to apply a given method in a directed evolution project 36-38). The fact that a few of the methods constitute proprietary intellectual property, such as DNA shuffling, poses a different kind of problem for potential users in industry. Some of the most important gene mutagenesis methods are described briefly here (for complete coverage, the reader is referred to recent reviews 17-20,36,37). 

The iirfrastracture of national security and homeland defense research needs improvement. Though many scientists are interested in assisting national security efforts, researchers who work with dangerous or iirfectious materials often have difficulties obtaining authorization for their work and even for receiving their samples. Additionally, research is not as efficient as possible due to lack of industry collaboration of access to intellectual property (IP) and classified iirfor-mation and of peer review of research proposals, engineered applications, and... 

L. Kenny, Kenneth D. Moore, and Stephen L. Patrick. Intellectual property rights to the invention are assigned to Magnetic Energy Ltd., Huntsville, Alabama (USA), with Dr. James L. Kenny as Managing Partner. Several additional patent applications are in preparation. 

Both prototypal questions related illustrate the need for a successful technical service professional to have a strong understanding of the customers applications and processes, within proper intellectual property considerations. This need for a thorough understanding is not always straightforward. A common example of the complications that can arise is provided from the paint (qv) industry (11). If, for instance, a calcium carbonate supplier would like a paint manufacturer to use their material versus a competitive one, the onus is on the supplier to show that the material can be successfully used in the paint formula of interest. However, many such formulas are held as proprietary. The technical service professional therefore does not know the components of the paint. This would lead to an unworkable situation from an evaluation standpoint save for the fact that the paint company may supply a millbase or other intermediate form of the paint to allow a proper comparison of carbonates to be carried out. Thus mutual benefits can result and no loss of proprietary information occur. 

One important tool in the international patent world is the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). By filing an international patent application, one may seek patent protection for an invention simultaneously in each of a large number of countries. Such an application may be filed by anyone who is a national or resident of a contracting state of the PCT. A list of the more than 120 contracting states can be found on the website of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) [5]. The effect of the international application in each such state is the same as if a... 

Van Wijk, R.J. De Weijer, A.P. Klarenberg, D.A. De Jonge, R. 8c Jongerden, G.J. Technique for Measuring Properties of Polymeric fibres World Intellectual Property Organization Patent Cooperation Treaty International Application WO 99/12019 Assigned to Akzo Nobel N.V. Piled in 1998. Priority Number NL 1006895 (1997). 

Kittrell, C. 8c Feld, M.S. Catheter System for Imaging World Intellectual Property Organization Patent Cooperation Treaty International Application WO 89/02718 Assigned to Massachusetts Institute of Technology Filed in 1988. Priority Number US 100714 (1987). 

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