Bulk characteristics

A chemical property of silicones is the possibility of building reactivity on the polymer [1,32,33]. This allows the building of cured silicone networks of controlled molecular architectures with specific adhesion properties while maintaining the inherent physical properties of the PDMS chains. The combination of the unique bulk characteristics of the silicone networks, the surface properties of the PDMS segments, and the specificity and controllability of the reactive groups, produces unique materials useful as adhesives, protective encapsulants, coatings and sealants. 

So far the structure of pure metals has been discussed with reference to bulk characteristics and continuous crystals. However, corrosion is essentially a surface phenomenon and it is necessary to consider how the structure and defects already described interact with free surfaces. At this stage it is convenient to consider only a film-free metal surface, although of course in most corrosion phenomena the presence of surface films is of the utmost importance. Furthermore, it is at free surfaces that the hard sphere model of metals... 

Acrylic fibers generally have good hand, as its called in the business (they re soft). They resist creasing, and they are quick to dry. Acrylics have replaced wool in many applications, such as blankets and sweaters. Because of their unique bulking characteristics, they take on the appearance of wool yarn. 

The feed section takes the product from the feeding system and conveys it to the plastification section. At the same time, there must be sufficient free volume to allow gas reflux, e. g., air or nitrogen, to escape from the process section upstream. If the throughput rate of the extruder is less than the input product flow, the product will back up in the feed hopper, indicating that the intake limit has been reached. Along with the known extruder data, such as the screw speed, the screw pitch, and the available volume in the screw channel, other influencing factors, such as the fill rate of the screw channel, the conveying efficiency, the bulk density, and other bulk characteristics of the product sometimes affect the... 

Gustafsson, C., Lennholm, H., Iversen, T., and Nystrom, C. (2003), Evaluation of surface and bulk characteristics of cellulose I powders in relation to compaction behavior and tablet properties, Drug. Dev. Ind. Pharm., 29(10), 1095-1107. 

Anderson, P.R. and Benjamin, M.M., Surface and bulk characteristics of binary oxide suspensions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 692, 1990. 

The surface properties of metals and of semiconductors reflect in certain respects the differences of the bulk characteristics accordingly, the conventional approaches to studying these two classes of surfaces have been quite different. It is believed, however, that metal and semiconductor surfaces have many common characteristics and that an effective interchange of theory and technology between these two fields of study should advance the understanding of surface behavior. 

The tree growth rate is (bulk) characteristic of polymers, whereas the frequency of initiation of a tree is characteristic of a sample. While the bulk properties of a... 

Since only absorbed light can initiate photo transformations, it may be expected that samples of different optical properties show different photoproduction rates. For comparative purposes, the rates are thus usually absorbance-normafized. However, the inconsistency when comparing results from different studies is not resolved by such normalization and the variabifity of normafized rates exceeds an order of magnitude (Table 10.1). An attempt to find a correlation between available bulk characteristics (DON, DOC, pH, absorbance) and irradiation effects proved unsuccessful (Grzybowski, 2003). Additional confusion is introduced by reports on lack of ammonium release and even its removal during irradiation, observed in apparently similar samples (Table 10.1). 

In slab calculations, a finite number of layers mimicks the semi-infinite system, with a two-dimensional (2D) translational periodicity. A minimal thickness dmin is required, so that the layers in the slab centre display bulk characteristics. Practically speaking, dm-,n should be at least equal to twice the damping length of surface relaxation effects, which depend upon the surface orientation. In plane wave codes, the slab is periodically repeated... 

Several recent reviews have explored relationships between the surface and bulk characteristics of metal oxide materials, and the ways in which these characteristics subsequently influence the surface chemical pathways [1-5]. Instead of simply adding a new edition to that list, two case-studies are presented, each highlighting the critical roles of surface anion-cation pairs and the redox properties of the surface in determining the product slate. 

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