Inspections types

The end users of CBR systems should in principle be able to maintain the case-bases themselves and use the systems for varying inspection types (within certain limits). Adaptation of neural-network based systems, though possible by end-users, is difficult to be done reliably. Adaptation of rule-based systems usually has to be done by the rule-base designer. 

The system should support all the inspection types available in the PSP-3 P-scan, T-scan and Through Transmission, TOFD and A-scan. It should be possible to record data for all the inspection types simultaneously. The developments in computer hardware, in particular disk storage, during the last years have made it feasable to increase the emphasis on the A-scan recording modes. It has also been feasible to extend the P-scan format to include P-scan image storage in a full 3D format, that allows cross-section views to be generated off-line. 

As part of the inspection report the QA persoimel specifies the inspection types and inspected phases and coirfirms that the final report reflects the raw data. 

Developing and maintaining the list of equivalent authorities, including any limitation in terms of inspecting type or products, and communicating the list to all authorities and the joint committee... 

Facility Type Facilities Inspection type Inspections PDI PDI per facility... 

Already the Consensus Document on Quality Assurance (OECD No. 4, 1999) had recognised that these two possibilities would not sufficiently describe the real-life inspection activities of a Quality Assurance unit, and the revised GLP Principles have acknowledged this extended view of inspection types. Inspections dealing with the conduct of, and the activities within, a study are now further subdivided into two different types, so that there are finally three types of inspections, which are just named in the OECD Principles, are described in the OECD Consensus Document on Short-Term Studies (OECD No. 7,1999), and which have to be further specified by Quality Assurance Programme Standard Operating Procedures. These three types are ... 

While thus the term and the use of process-based inspections have been defined, the applicability of this inspection type with regard to study types may seem less clear. Therefore it is of utmost importance to define clearly and unequivocally those study types which would qualify for this facilitation of the Quality Assurance function. To this end, the Quality Assurance has to develop SQPs which should primarily define the circumstances under which process-based inspections may be performed and which should also present a final list of the respective study types. It probably needs not to be especially mentioned that it would certainly be advisable to develop these SQPs in collaboration with the respective Study Directors and on the basis of historical data regarding study frequencies. 

Some commenters questioned the need for dust sampling technicians. One stated that there is no benefit to creating a third inspection-type discipline that has such limited training requirements. Two commenters thought that only EPA- or state-certified risk assessors should be allowed to collect dust wipe clearance samples and two commenters thought that dust... 

GOST 30415 specifies plans for inspection the products of different types and sets formulae for calculation of inspected numbers while applying magnetic inspection. The procedure of random inspection is predetermined to check the authenticity of the correlated relation usage and regulations are introduced to enter data file of non-destructive and parallel tests. 

Possibility of unexpected events in data. Unless the inspection occurs in well controlled environment, there is always a possibility of occurrence of unexpected events in data. These can be caused e.g. by previously unseen type of damage. Amount of unexpected data is reduced if inspection is done periodically. An experienced operator can usually correctly interpret unexpected data, but some automatic classification systems may fail and raisclassify the data. 

The first system called LiSSA has been developed for interpretation of data from eddy-current inspection of heat exchangers. The data that has to be interpreted consists of a complex impedance signal which can be absolute and/or differential and may be acquired in several frequencies. The interpretation of data is done on the basis of the plot of the signal in the impedance plane the type of defect and/or construction is inferred from the signal shape, the depth from the phase, and the volume is roughly proportional to the signal amplitude. 

Because the system is meant to be used for a variety of heat exchangers we could not use a simple (ANN) classifier, but we chose for a CBR type system. The case-base stores signal shapes with corresponding classifications or actions to be taken (e.g. signal mixing). Beftxe each inspection the case-base is filled with data from calibration pipes oc a case-base from a previous similar inspection can be used. For each new possible defect signal a search is done in the case base for the most similar case. 

An invariant pattern recognition method, based on the Hartley transform, and applied to radiographic images, containing different types of weld defects, is presented. Practical results show that this method is capable to describe weld flaws into a small feature vectors, allowing their recognition automatically by the inspection system we are realizing. 

Representative set of weldments was examined site welds (with pearlitic type weld metal) and two types of site weld repair zones with different welding technologies using Cr-Ni filler metals and Ni-based alloy. Results of AUGUR 4.2 inspection were compared with manual ultrasonic inspection ones in terms of defect detection, characterization, positioning and sizing in order to estimate correlation between these data. 

The last ASTM Standard E94 which classified Industrial Radiography films was published in 1984. Since that time inspection contracts in the U. S. and worldwide have continued to specify Type 1 and Type 2 films which no longer existed. Film manufacturers continued to classify their film using the same nomenclature. 

The paper presents the results from systematic comparisons of contrast and resolution obtained with different types of radiation sources on steel thicknesses from 5 to 40 mm. These results have been taken into account with the definitions of the European standard for radiographic inspection of weldments (EN 1435) that is approved since 1997. Conclusions from practical investigations on pipe line sites, in petrochcemical plants and in nuclear power stations will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the presentation will stipulate a variety of advantages obtained from the new source in terras of coUimation and radiation protection. 

Introducing the Selenium for gammagraphic weld inspection at significantly improved quality levels of the radiographs we have also designed an exposure unit for Selenium. This unit is fuUy compatible with both models, M6 and Ml8. Different from the exposure units for iridium, which are Type B(U) containers, the Source Projector M-SE for Selenium is a Type A container with a maximum loading of 3 TBq (80Ci) Selenium. 

Inspected pieces are of variable forms and thickness. Risky zones are those submitted to important physical constraints. Two types of pieces are mainly controlled ... 

Products of the described type have very high quality requirements as the consumers are typically families with children or restaurants catering to same, where even the smallest bones are unacceptable. Previously, sample tests were conducted on selected blocks. The blocks were thawed and sieved. This was a very slow way of inspection where the production line had to wait for the raw material. 

The method was applied for determination of the quality of the detection media on test pieces following the type testing of the European standard [4] in order to check the validity of the method. The other application was the determination of the visibility in dependance of the variations of the inspection parameters (application of the detection medium, magnetization, inclination, viewing conditions) in a range which may appear in the practical inspections. The results leads to conclusions on the visibility level which is a measure of the probability of recognition for the indication that means of the reliability of the method. 

With the objective determination of the visibilitity of magnetic particle indications quantitative researches on the influence of the inspection parameters will be possible. The first part deals with the type testing of detection media which is as well on the course of adoption for type testing of liquid penetrant systems (prEN 751-2). 

However, this probe design is dedicated to a special turbine blade type and a special inspection task on this blade. But similar probe types and probe holders can be provided also for other engine types and for other inspection tasks like wall thickness measurement and crack detection in other zones of a blade. 

The CamuS system is intended to be applied mainly in the field of weld inspection, where it is anticipated that the benefits of the analysis and visualisation facilities will be greatest. The specification for the prototype recognised that the system should be applicable to joints where the parent material is between 6mm and 150mm thick, and where the configuration and geometry of the weld preparation are of the types described in prEN1714 (see Figure 2). 

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