Metabolite insoluble

Metabolite Profiles. Preliminary trials with tOPh 6EO yielded surfactant metabolism rates similar to those for barley in excised leaves of a variety of monocot species (9.) although there were qualitative and quantitative differences in the metabolites found. Under equivalent conditions, however, metabolism of the parent surfactant was slower in excised rice leaves. Table II compares the metabolic fate of C-WPh 6E0 in excised leaves of barley and two rice cultivars. Recoveries of were high with barley tissues and only limited quantities occurred as methanol-insoluble metabolites or as volatiles. The recoveries from rice were lower and up to 20 was present as methanol-insoluble residues (combusted to C02). Exhaustive methanol extraction decreased the amount of insoluble to about 155t (9). 

An in vitro study of 2,4-DNP metabolism using rat liver homogenates identified 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and 4-amino-2-nitrophenol as metabolic products, with the 4-amino-2-nitrophenol present in greater abundance (Parker 1952). An additional ether-insoluble metabolite was tentatively identified as 2,4-diaminophenol. When 2-amino-4-nitrophenol or 4-amino-2-nitrophenol was incubated with rat liver homogenates, the 2-amino-4-nitrophenol was slowly metabolized to the ether-insoluble compound, while 4-amino-2-nitrophenol rapidly disappeared but with very little accumulation of the ether- insoluble compound. The reduction of the aminonitrophenols to the ether-insoluble compound appeared to be catalyzed by the same nitroreductase that reduces 2,4-DNP to the aminonitrophenols. A comparison of the activity of homogenates of various tissues in the rat and rabbit revealed that liver homogenate metabolized... 

Insoluble Components Mycelia Non-utilized raw materials Insoluble salts Immiscible oils Insoluble metabolites... 

Insoluble Residues (Metabolites). Administering unidentified insoluble metabolites isolated from plant tissue to animals is probably the most difficult experiment to conduct. Again, the need for sufficient radioactivity to produce a sufficient level of metabolite in the animal for subsequent... 

To obtain more information on the nature of the degradation products of the estrogens,. Jellinck (1959) incubated human and rat liver slices as well as mushroom tyrosinase with estrone-/ff-C. The results showed that liver and phenol oxidase of mushroom have a marked ability for converting estrone into water-soluble, ether-insoluble metabolites. The formation of these products was almost completely abolished by cyanide. From an investigation of the estrone degradation products, Jellinck (1959) reached... 

Different laboratories may yield different IC50 values Activity of metabolites and enantiomers must be studied Compounds insoluble in water are difficult to assess Species vary in type and distribution of ion channel involved in cardiac repolarization... 

Berger and coworkers [17] demonstrated the existence of macrocyclic substances capable of solubilizing alkali metal ions in nonpolar media, and described the formation of sodium and barium salts of a metabolite that had acid properties and was formed in a culture of an unspecified streptomyces. These salts were insoluble in water but dissolved in ether and benzene. The metabolite structure, originally called X 464 [17] and later nigericin [204]... 

Lipophilic steroids and drug metabolites that would be insoluble in the urine. 

The amount of chloroform-soluble C in the roots of peanut plants grown in hydroponics decreased greatly as a function of time. After 33 days, chloroform soluble C accounted for only 5 of the 14C in the roots. This was probably due to metabolism of the remaining PCNB, volatilization of some metabolites, translocation to foliar tissue, and additional metabolism of nonpolar metabolites to polar metabolites or Insoluble residue. Because of volatility, it is possible that chloroform-soluble... 

The principal objective of drug metabolism is to make a drug available for excretion by urine or bile. The renal and biliary systems can excrete water-soluble molecules, whereas water-insoluble drugs must first be converted to a soluble form before they can be excreted. Drug metabolism, therefore, is principally, but not exclusively, of importance for drugs that are non-polar. Metabolism usually results in inactivation of the drug but there are exceptions, e.g. diazepam is metabolised to an active metabolite desmethyidiazepam, which has a much longer duration of action than the parent compound. 

Methenamine mandelate, 1 g four times daily, or methen-amine hippurate, 1 g twice daily by mouth (children, 50 mg/kg/d or 30 mg/kg/d, respectively), is used only as a urinary antiseptic to suppress, not treat, urinary tract infection. Acidifying agents (eg, ascorbic acid, 4-12 g/d) may be given to lower urinary pH below 5.5. Sulfonamides should not be given at the same time because they may form an insoluble compound with the formaldehyde released by methenamine. Persons taking methenamine mandelate may exhibit falsely elevated tests for catecholamine metabolites. 

A number of benzimidazoles exist as prodrugs their anthelminthic activity is due to the fact that they are metabolized in the animal body to the biologically active benzimidazole carbamate nucleus. Due to their relatively slower excretion rates, the newer insoluble benzimidazoles have fairly long withdrawal periods for edible tissues and milk in contrast to the less effective and more rapidly excreted thiabendazole analogues. Strict compliance with withdrawal periods is always necessary because of the potentially toxic and teratogenic effects of some of the benzimidazoles and their metabolites. 

Amphotericin B is available in the form of sterile lyophilized powder. Because it is insoluble in water, it is marketed with sodium deoxycholate for dispersal in sterile water and 5% dextrose. The polyene antibiotics — amphotericin B, nystatin, and candicidin — are all poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In the plasma, amphotericin B binds to lipoproteins including cholesterol. It is extensively metabolized and the inactive metabolite, or metabolites, are slowly excreted in the urine. 

Organic compounds released from sloughed-off root cells and tissues are a major carbon source for rhizosphere microorganisms but may indirectly have an impact as microbial metabolites on nutrient availability and on exclusion of toxic elements in the rhizosphere (Brimecombe et al., 2007). Continuous root turnover is a general feature of plant development, and insoluble root debris may comprise 50-90% of total rhizodeposition (Darrah, 1991). 

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