Innovation productivity

Fig. 1.5. The aluminium drink can is an innovative product. The body is mode from o single slug of a 3000 series aluminium alloy. The con top is a separate pressing which is fastened to the body by o rolled seam once the can has been filled. There are limits to one-piece construction.

Table 8.1 Protection intervals (years) allowed to developers of innovator products.

It is interesting that the in vitro dissolution test (USP) was more sensitive to the piroxicam formulation variables than the biodata. The fast, moderate, and slow products were found bioequivalent to each other and to the lot of innovator product studied [100]. It is possible that either the formulation variables studied did not affect in vivo dissolution and/or the differences were not discernible because of the long biological half-life of piroxicam [146]. 

The article by Rovira10 stands out for the clarity of its ideas. It sets out an up-to-date description of the pharmaceutical industry and the Spanish market before and after the single market, and its chief merit is its suggestions for a common strategy for the EU. The diagnosis focuses on three points the need for different policies for innovative and non-innovative products, the importance of expected benefits as an incentive for innovation and the existence of conflicts of objectives at national level and between national and EU interests, the solution of which requires compromises of different sorts. 

The recent economic legitimacy which is given industrial concerns over the impacts of government regulations brings sharp focus to the impacts that the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) has had on innovation. Reactive polymers are a major component in many products in segments of industry that can be characterized by the need for innovative products to meet constantly changing market needs. Such products include... 

This type of constructive impact of TSCA was viewed somewhat differently by Exxon Chemical Company s C.W. Umland. His review of nearly three years of premanufacturing notification cited evidence which suggests substantial disruption of new chemical development and introduction to the market. This disruption was traced to higher research and development costs at an economically vulnerable point in the life cycle of innovative products. A more appropriate balance between opportunity for economic viability and protection from unreasonable... 

Fig. 12.5-1 shows that Hong Kong population is ageing and becoming better educated. The middle-aged and better-educated city residents are more health conscious and should be more willing to adapt new innovative products. 

Customer delight is a key requirement for consumer products. For example, the hand-feel of a fabric is an important measure of its quality. There exist many challenges to determine these quality factors in a more scientific way. However, even if only a semi-quantitative measurement can be devised, this can yield insights on how the underlying material or structural attributes control the quality factor. These insights can in turn be used to formulate innovative products. 

A significant recent advance has been the development of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes composed of inorganic oxide materials. These are presently produced by two main techniques (a) deposition of colloidal metal oxide on to a supporting material such as carbon, and (b) as purely ceramic materials by high temperature sintering of spray-dried oxide microspheres. Other innovative production techniques lead to the... 

Almost all authors see innovations in products and services as a central mechanism for growth. The case chapters all discussed the need for innovative products as central to market share and revenue growth, and several identified the opportunity to extend their customer offerings from core products to new product categories as well as to services. At Siemens Medical Solutions, this included the development of... 

The pharmaeeutieal industry began to take over the produetion of most medications used by the medieal profession. In many ways this has provided superior service, new methods, and a vast array of innovative products that could not have been provided in a one-on-one situation. Research and development have been the hallmarks of the pharmaeeutieal manufaeturers. However, the very nature of providing millions of doses of a produet requires that the dosage forms (capsule, tablet, suppository) and doses (individual strengths of eaeh dose) be limited and results in a one-sided approach to therapy. It is simply not eeonomical for a pharmaeeutieal eompany to produce a produet in 50 different eoneeivable doses, or 15 different dosage forms, to meet the needs of the entire range of patients reeeiving therapy. Windows of activity are determined whieh meet most patient needs, but the very nature of the process is not able to meet all patient needs. 

Announcement effects or focused campaigns of enforcement agencies if nsers of hazardous substances have to expect new legnlations or the anthorities initiate enforcement initiatives, there is a greater market chance for innovative products and services. In doing so, it is frequently more a qnestion of creating a clearly visible impulse than comprehensive enforcement. 

Types of innovation were used (substance innovation, product innovation, application iimovation) and in some instances criteria for determining the level of irmovation (chemical/technical and organisational/institutional, systemic) as a type feature for iimovation systems. 

Regulatory impulses on the demand side (enforcement initiatives) create a market opportunity for innovative products and services. They are more concerned with clearly perceptible impulses (announcement effect or focal campaigns of monitoring authorities) than with enforcing regulations. 

The announcement of new regulations or initiatives for enforcement. A market opportunity is created for innovative products and services when the users of hazardous substances expect new regulations or the monitoring authorities initiate new checks. The SubChem case studies demonstrated that a clearly perceived initiative is frequently more effective than an attempt at the saturation monitoring of regulations. 

To guarantee a high level of health protection for EU citizens, in particular, by making safe, innovative products available to patients as quickly as possible. 

It must be reiterated that classification is based on the manufacturer s intended use and thus the listing of devices into classes must be taken as guidance only. No classification system can be perfect and thus the aim is to capture the majority of products while recognising that there wiU always be products that are borderline either between classes or with other product t5rpes, such as drugs and cosmetics, and also new innovative products that do not fit the criteria laid down. 

Another collateral effect of the DESI project was the development of the abbreviated NDA, by which a generic version of the innovator product could satisfy the statutory preconditions for entering the market, without repeating the preclinical and clinical studies of the innovator. This administrative creation, designed to assure that generics were both pharmaceutically equivalent and bioequivalent to the pioneer product, was endorsed by Congress in 1984. As will be seen, this development had a staggering impact on the business model of the pharma industry. 

---