Innovative products method

Indirect electrochemical methods have been intensively studied, especially from the viewpoint of development of innovative synthetic methods in industrial organic chemistry. The indirect procedure is required when the direct method is unsuitable because (1) the desired reaction does not proceed sufficiently because of an extremely slow reaction or a very low current efficiency (2) the electrolysis lacks product-selectivity and thus offers only a low yield (3) tar and products cover the surface of the electrode, interrupting the electrolysis. Indirect electrochemical techniques involve the recycling of mediators (or electron carriers) in a redox system, as depicted in Fig. 1 [1-24]. 

The pharmaeeutieal industry began to take over the produetion of most medications used by the medieal profession. In many ways this has provided superior service, new methods, and a vast array of innovative products that could not have been provided in a one-on-one situation. Research and development have been the hallmarks of the pharmaeeutieal manufaeturers. However, the very nature of providing millions of doses of a produet requires that the dosage forms (capsule, tablet, suppository) and doses (individual strengths of eaeh dose) be limited and results in a one-sided approach to therapy. It is simply not eeonomical for a pharmaeeutieal eompany to produce a produet in 50 different eoneeivable doses, or 15 different dosage forms, to meet the needs of the entire range of patients reeeiving therapy. Windows of activity are determined whieh meet most patient needs, but the very nature of the process is not able to meet all patient needs. 

One of the promising directions for the development of innovative analytical method is the use of electrochemical methods whose speed and on-line capabilities nicely address the trends of automation and continuous processing in the food industry. Recently, devices such as electronic nose and electronic tongue have been proposed for the characterisation and authentication of different type of food products, and also for medical and environmental application. 

Tickner, Joel is Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Work Environment at the School of Health and Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell. His scholarly interests include development of innovative scientific methods and policies to implement a precautionary and preventive approach to decisionmaking under uncertainty. His teaching and research focus on regulatory science and policy, risk assessment, and cleaner production. 

Several years after the successful launch of a new product, it is typical for North American pharmaceutical firms to become involved in the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) revision process to allow inclusion of their API and formulations in the USP-NF. The USP-NF and their supplements are a compilation of monographs prepared under the authority of the Pharmacopeial Convention. The purpose of the USP-NF and supplements is to provide authoritative standards and specifications for materials and substances and their preparations that are used in health care or for the improvement or maintenance of health.16 The revision process— as outlined in the USP-NF—begins with inquiries, comments and suggestions for revision in the USP-NF text mailed directly to the USP.17 Participation in this process ensures consideration of the innovator s methods, specifications, and reference standards for inclusion in the USP-NF. Approval for inclusion in the USP-NF is gained after consideration by an Expert Committee of the USP Council of Experts. If the Expert Committee so recommends, the proposed revision is published in the Pharmacopeial Forum (PF) for review and comments by interested readers of the PF. The comments and data submitted by interested readers are reviewed and addressed, and the Expert Committee then decides whether to recommend to the USP Council of Experts that the proposed revision should be adopted in the USP-NF. 

Following this overview, it appears that three main dimensions must be taken into account utility perceived by users, usability of an innovative product or method, and cultural and organizational changes introduced by that invention. 

Our experience leads us to emphasize the difficulties that the screening methods have to face. An innovative product has no natural friend . Its diffusion is closely linked with its acceptance in social, industrial, and political networks. To paraphrase Bruno Latour, we could write that an innovative product is not used because it is technically good it is good, because and when it is used. Nevertheless, this approach also allows the recognition of three main aspects that could help in the development of the innovative screening methods. 

Innovative strategies able to capture and sequestrate carbon dioxide emissions, so-called Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technologies, are the object of several analysis and heated debate. CCS technologies should be applied for an environmental-friendly diffusion of fossil fuel-based H, production methods, but they are presently in the embryonic stage of development and certainly would involve a great growth of costs. 

The response to this new special session topic was overwhelmingly positive, clearly indicating a need for increased research focus on analytical methods and forums for presenting innovative analytical methods used in fuels and chemical production. 

Little, if any, of the expertise, analytical methods and in-house standards, specifics of the production process, historical process, and validation data or full characterization data required for comparability assessment of therapeutic proteins are available in the public domain. As a rule, they are proprietary knowledge. It is inconceivable, in most cases, that another manufacturer, on the basis of the patent or published data, is able to manufacture a protein pharmaceutical that can be assumed similar enough to the original innovative product that only a limited documentation of physico-chemical characteristics would be sufficient to show equivalence. In most cases only limited data are available in pharmacopoeial monographs and scientific papers. Moreover, even the most sophisticated analytical tools are not sensitive enough to fully predict the biological and clinical characteristics of the product. 

The microcirculation is comprised of blood vessels (arterioles, capillaries, and venules) with diameters of less than approximately 150 /xm. The importance of the microcirculation is underscored by the fact that most of the hydrodynamic resistance of the circulatory system Hes in the microvessels (especially in arterioles) and most of the exchange of nutrients and waste products occurs at the level of the smallest microvessels. The subjects of microcirculatory research are blood flow and molecular transport in microvessels, mechanical interactions and molecular exchange between these vessels and the surrounding tissue, and regulation of blood flow and pressure and molecular transport. Quantitative knowledge of microcirculatory mechanics and mass transport has been accumulated primarily in the past 30 years owing to significant innovations in methods and techniques to measure microcirculatory parameters and methods to analyze microcirculatory data. The development of these methods has required joint efforts... 

The success of membrane reactors for hydrogen production is basically associated with (i) the advances in membrane production methods and (ii) the design of innovative reactor concepts, which allow the integration of separation and energy exchange, the reduction of mass and heat transfer resistances and simplification of the housing of the membranes. 

DESCRIPTION OF AN INNOVATIVE GC METHOD TO ASSESS THE INFLUENCE OF CRYSTAL TEXTURE AND DRYING CONDITIONS ON RESIDUAL SOLVENT CONTENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS... 

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