Injection, of toxicants

Mora and coworkers201 studied the in vivo interaction, in mice, of toxic levels of cationic macromolecules with the carboxyl and sulfate derivatives of polyglucose. Toxic levels of polymyxin, protamine, streptomycin, and neomycin could be counteracted, if the synthetic macroanions were injected five to ten minutes after administration of the proteins. Subcutaneous administration of the anionic polyglucoses prior to intra-peri toneal injection of toxic levels of basic proteins afforded protection to the mice, and also demonstrated that the animals could survive, even when the two injections were by different routes. 

The injection of toxic agents such as compound 48/80 and Russel Viper Venom results in disruption of mast cells with shedding of granules. Higgin-... 

A different situation exists during battery manufacturing and during battery disposal/recycling operations where workers may come into direct contact with toxic or harmful battery components. In addition, members of a community may be unknowingly exposed to toxic battery materials due to the improper disposal of battery wastes and the injection of toxic battery materials into their ecosystems. The latter may affect both man, animal, and plant life adversely. In general, the toxic effect of a particular material depends upon the nature of the exposure and its concentration whether it be by contact, ingestion, inhalation, or a combination of these. 

An interesting bioassay measures the mouse body temperature depression (Gamboa et al. 1990 Gamboa and Park 1985 Juranovic and Park, unpublished data Sawyer et al. 1984) following IP injections of toxic fish or dinoflagellate extracts. The rectal temperature of the animals is measured and recorded immediately before the administration of the extracts and periodically for 16 or 48 hr. A pronounced drop in the body temperature of the mice was observed following the injection of a methanol extract of G. toxicus. Juranovic and Park (unpublished data) showed the butanol soluble fraction (MTX-like fraction) of... 

Stress produces a 40% reduction in nonprotein sulfhydryl of the liver in the mouse exposure to cold, ligation trauma, and injection of toxic... 

Adverse side effects of gold treatments include stomatitis, rash, and proteinuria. Complete blood counts and urinalysis should be performed before each or every other injection of gold compounds. Pmritic skin rash and stomatitis are more common adverse effects that may resolve, if therapy is withheld for a few weeks and then restarted cautiously at a lower dose. Oral gold causes less mucocutaneous, bone marrow, and renal toxicity than injectable gold, but more diarrhea and other gastrointestinal reactions appear. 

Pharmacological Action. As already pointed out, cularine shows some resemblance to papaverine and hydrastine in action (p. 196). The M.L.D. (mgm./kilo.) for mice by intravenous injection of ochotensine is 10-6 i 0-54 so that it seems to be the most toxic of the fifteen corydalis alkaloids examined by Anderson and Chen, who also state that it stimulates isolated guinea-pig or rabbit uterus, inhibits isolated rabbit-intestine and induces a fall in blood pressure on intravenous injection in etherised cats. 

Of the other Strychnos alkaloids vomicine has been investigated by Ruickoldt, who finds that in mice and rabbits it causes clonic convulsions, due to stimulation above the level of the anterior corpore quad-ragemina. Convulsions can be elicited after intravenous, but not after subcutaneous, injections. The toxicity is low twelve times the convulsive dose does not cause death. No special action is exerted on blood... 

Depending on the dose and temperature regime, the screening effect azomopine is observed after intoxication by chlorophos. The survival of white rats injected with this preparation is 50% higher than that of control rats. When toxic doses of copper sulfate were injected for 7 days, 70 and 36% of the rats survived. After the simultaneous injection of azomopine, their survival increased to 100 and 70% (74MI1). 

As the above mentioned studies with high supplementation dosages exemplarily show, there is no known toxicity for phylloquinone (vitamin Kl), although allergic reactions are possible. This is NOT true for menadione (vitamin K3) that can interfere with glutathione, a natural antioxidant, resulting in oxidative stress and cell membrane damage. Injections of menadione in infants led to jaundice and hemolytic anemia and therefore should not be used for the treatment of vitamin K deficiency. 

Toxicity. Injection of aq Na perchlorate into rabbits caused no long term toxic effects. It behaved as a mild muscular poison, and large doses caused liver damage and diarrhea. Goldfish will live indefinitely in a 0.1% soln, but a 1% soln will cause asphyxia (Ref 4)... 

HYDANTOINS Fhenytoin is the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant because of its effectiveness and relatively low toxicity. However, a genetically linked inability to metabolize phenytoin has been identified. For this reason, it is important to monitor serum concentrations of the drug on a regular basis to detect signs of toxicity Fhenytoin is administered orally and parenterally. If the drug is administered parenterally, the IV route is preferred over the intramuscular route because erratic absorption of phenytoin causes pain and muscle damage at the injection site... 

At the doses used, there is blockage of the effects of as much as 25 mg of injected heroin. Toxicity in heroin addicts is low, but some reported subtle adverse effects of naltrexone such as decreased energy (Hollister et al. 1981). Nonaddicted obese subjects have been known to develop markedly elevated transaminase levels at doses of 300 mg/day (Mitchell et al. 1987). The inference has been drawn that high doses are potentially hepatotoxic (Pfohl et al. 1986), and the drug is contraindicated in liver failure or acute hepatitis. 

Parenteral lethality was determined by injecting rabbits of mixed sexes intraperitoneally with 31.6, 63, 126, 252, and 500 /xg/kg of 2,3,7,8-TCDD as a 0.01% corn oil suspension control rabbits were injected with corn oil. The rabbits were housed in individual holding cages and were observed for signs of toxicity for four weeks. The LDso s were calculated by the Weil modification of the Thompson method 14, 15) or by the Litchfield and Wilcoxon method (9). The acute lethality studies were terminated when it was evident that the survivors were not showing signs of toxicity. 

---