Medication liquid

Electroosmosis is used in medicine for introducing into the body continuously or periodically liquid medications in rigorously defined quantities. 

If a liquid dosage form of a medication exists, it would seem rational to use this dosage form for administration through a feeding tube. Although such a decision may decrease the potential for tube clogging, it may in some instances decrease tolerability of the medication administration. Sorbitol is an excipient found in many liquid medications in amounts sufficient to cause diarrhea. If diarrhea secondary to sorbitol in a liquid medication is suspected in a patient on EN, contact with the manufacturer to ascertain sorbitol content may be necessary. 

The sucrose content of oral liquids may cause significant problems when these products are prescribed for long-term therapy (e.g., asthma, seizure control, recurrent infections). Oral liquid preparations can represent a substantial carbohydrate load to children with labile diabetes, particularly if a child is ingesting more than one liquid medication with a high sugar content. 

A wider problem exists with the possible role of liquid medications in dental caries formation [63], The extent of acid production in the oral cavity is closely related to caries formation. In a study of liquid medication, investigators have observed that medications with sucrose concentrations higher than 15% were able to significantly lower pH there was an inverse relation between sucrose content and a decrease in oral cavity pH [64], In a comparison of sorbitol and sucrose-sweetened liquid iron preparations, only sucrose-containing products produced a significant decrease in oral cavity pH [65],... 

E. Hill, C. Flaitz, and C. Frost, Sweetener content of common pediatric oral liquid medications Am. J. Hosp. Pract, 45, 135 (1988). 

R. Feigal, M. Jensen, and C. Mensing, Dental caries potential of liquid medications, Pediatrics, 68, 416 (1981). 

Horses are administered certain medications by running a lubricated tube up through the nostrils and down into the stomach. A funnel attached to the tube is held above the horse s head and the liquid medication is poured down the tube. This is known as tubing. ... 

Mixing of liquid medications with EN formulations can cause physical incompatibilities that inhibit drug absorption and clog small-bore feeding tubes. Incompatibility is more common with formulations containing intact (vs. hydrolyzed) protein and medications formulated as acidic... 

Intensol-The Intensol is a concentrated oral solution as compared to standard oral liquid medications. It is recommended that the Intensol be mixed with liquid or semisolid food such as water, juices, soda or soda-like beverages, applesauce, and puddings. Use only the calibrated... 

Suspension Do not administer carbamazepine suspension with other liquid medications or diluents. 

PG, similar to glycerin, is a multifunctional excipient that can be an effective preservative when used at concentrations of 15% to 30% in oral solutions. However, formulations containing 35% PG can cause hemolysis in humans. PG exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics and when elimination pathways are saturated, serum levels dramatically increase. Pyruvic and lactic acid are produced from the metabolic degradation of PG and can lead to acidosis. Neonates have a longer PG half-life (16.9 hours) compared with adults (5 hours) and seizures, and respiratory depression has occurred in children who have ingested oral liquid medications containing PG (9). Therefore, special consideration should be placed on the amount of PG in formulations that are intended for infants and children. 

Preservatives must fulfill certain criteria for acceptability. The major factors are those of safety and lack of toxicity after oral intake, particularly because liquid medications are often administered to children and the... 

Liquid medications, taken orally, can cause diarrhea and other GI symptoms, or they may aggravate GI distress that a patient is already experiencing. These GI... 

Health care providers including nurses, pharmacists, and physicians should demonstrate to parents and older children how medications should be administered and offer appropriate dosing devices (oral syringe, dropper, cylindrical medication spoon, or a small-volume doser with attachable nipple) to enable parents to accurately measure liquid products. A household teaspoon or tablespoon should not be used for medication administration because they are inaccurate. Kraus and Stohlmeyer explain the use of a new oral liquid medication delivery system that can be used for infants and young children who still use a bottle for feeding. 

An oral liquid medication needed for an infant or young child should be shaken well, if required, accurately using an appropriate device. If a dropper or an oral syringe is used, the liquid should be administered toward the inner cheek. Administration in the front of the mouth may allow the child to spit out the medication, whereas administration toward the back of the mouth may result in gagging or choking. The oral syringe should be of an appropriate size to allow for administration into the inner cheek. 

Kraus, D.M. Stohlmeyer, L.A. Hannon, P.R. Infant acceptance and effectiveness of a new oral liquid medication delivery system. Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 1999, 56, 1094-1101. 

Food-grade dendritic salt, which is porous, can be used as an absorbent for liquid medications, and as a tablet diluent in specific formulations. 

Liquid Medication is also administered using the oral route. There are three forms of liquid medication ... 

Refrigerate open or reconstituted (mixed) liquid medication. Write the date and time on the label of when the medication was opened. 

Hand-held nebulizer Changes liquid medication into a fine spray... 

In order to measure an accurate dose a standard measuring spoon is provided with any liquid medication. The standard spoon size is 5 mL (see Figure 9.9). 

An oral syringe is a compliance aid as it allows for accurate measurement of small doses of liquid medication. The syringe itself is graduated and accompanied by a bung, with a hole in the centre, which fits into the neck of the medicine bottle. 

Unfortunately, children treated with the new liquid didn t get well. They died. In all, 107 people died (mostly children) from taking Elixir Sulfanilamide. Why The chemists who developed the elixir knew that sulfanilamide could not be dissolved in water so they used a different, untested liquid in which to dissolve the helpful drug. That liquid, which became the base for the new liquid medication, was called diethylene glycol. It was much like what we use in automobile antifreeze today. The liquid used to carry a beneficial drug to bacterial infections poisoned those who took it. 

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