Parenteral medications

TABLE 28-1. Parenteral Medications Used in Status Epilepticus in Adults... 

Assess nutritional needs and recommend appropriate supplementation. When the patient is tolerating an oral diet, determine if any parenteral medications can be switched to the oral route. 

Along with this growth in the use of parenteral medications, the hospital pharmacist has become a... 

The present chapter deals with different calculations associated with parenteral medications which include rate of flow of intravenous fluids, parenteral insulin and heparin administration, reconstitution of powdered medications, and milliequivalent and milliosmole calculations pertinent to injectable medications. 

Wang, Y.J. (1992). Parenteral products of peptides and proteins. In Avis, K.E., Lieberman, H.A., Lachman, L., eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Parenteral Medications. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 283-319. 

Apte SP, Ugwu SO. A review and classification of emerging excipients in parenteral medications. Pharm Tech 2003 27 46. 

Duma RJ, Akers MJ, Turco SJ. Parenteral drug administration routes, precautions, problems, complications, and drug delivery systems. Chapter 2. In Avis KE, Lieberman HA, Lachman L, eds. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Parenteral Medications. 1. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1992. 

Motola, S. andAgharkar, S.N. Preformulation research of parenteral medicaticRteatmaceutical Dosage Forms Parenteral Medications, Vol.2t d ed., Edited by K.E. Avis, H.A. Lieberman, and L. Lachman, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, 1992, pp. 158-163, Chapter 4. 

Smith EJ, Nash RJ (1986) Elastomeric Closures for Parenterals. In Pharmaceutical dosage forms Parenteral Medications, vol 2. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 155... 

H. A., and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Parenteral Medications, Vol. 

Addison J, Browne K, Davis JM, et al. 1993. Asbestos fibers in parenteral medication. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 18(3) 371-380. 

Griffenhagen, G.B. The history of parenteral medication. Bull. Parenter. Drug Assoc. 1962, 16 (2), 12-19. 

Currently, thermoplastics account for less than 5% of the elastomeric closures for parenterals. Their limited resistance to heat deformation imder stress during autoclave sterilization is the main reason for this limited use. However, thermoplastics have two advantages over thermosets. First, they are chemically less complex and therefore less prone to interact with parenteral medications, and second, they may be manufactured by a simpler and more automated process. Thermoplastic elastomers have found use in baby bottle nipples and dropper bulbs that are not typically heat sterilized under compression. 

Multiple-dose containers constitute the third type of package used with parenteral medications. These containers can deliver more than a single dose for more than a single patient, but are not to permit the withdrawal of more than 30 mL unless otherwise specified in the applicable monograph. Intraspinal, intracister-nal, and peridural drugs should not be packaged in multiple-dose containers, and these packages should also contain a suitable antimicrobial additive. 

Figure 9.17 Routes of parenteral medication, showing the tissues penetrated by intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous and intradermal injections the needles, with bevel up, penetrate the epidermis (cuticle) consisting of stratified epithelium with an outer horny layer, the corium (dermis or true skin) consisting of tough connective tissue, elastic fibres, lymphatic and blood vessels, and nerves, the subcutaneous tissue tela subcutanea) consisting of loose connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and fat-forming cells, the fascia (a thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue), and the veins, arteries and muscle.

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