Inhibition of development

Michel, J.F., Lancaster, M.B. and Hong, C. (1973) Inhibition of development variation within a population of Ostertagia ostertagi. Journal of Comparative Pathology 83, 351-356. 

The naphthol (60) is a representative of a class of compounds termed development inhibitor release couplers. Phenylmercaptotetrazole is released from this coupler during dye formation. The thiol can then inhibit development within the layer in which it is formed thereby causing a beneficial effect which is displayed in the form of a sharper image. Where the thiol wanders into an adjacent layer and causes inhibition of development some correction for the unwanted absorption of the image dye can be achieved (69MI11401). 

DeAngelo AB, Queral AE, Garrett CT. 1985b. Concentration-dependent inhibition of development of GGT positive foci in rat liver by the environmental contaminant di(2-cthylhcxyl)phthalate. Environ Health Perspect 60 381-385. 

Inhibition of development of rancidity Strong antioxidative effect, Arg and xylose giving much less colour On heating, antioxidant capacity of 5 g Trolox equiv. per 100 g dried extract develops Improved oxidative stability... 

Sagara M, Satoh J, Wada R, Yagihashi S, Takahashi K, Fukuzawa M, et al. Inhibition of development of peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with 7V-acetylcysteine. Diabetologia 1996 39 263-269. 

Inhibition of development of tolerance to morphine by cycloheximide Feinberg, Michael P. Cochin, Joseph... 

The lamellarins generally do not exhibit much antimicrobial activity, but do show significant differential cytotoxicity. Lamellarin D was reported to cause 78% inhibition of development of fertilised sea urchin eggs at 19 pg/mL, while lamellarin C reportedly caused only 15% inhibition, and lamellarins A and B were inactive at the same concentration [50]. No activity data has been reported for lamellarins E - H, while from results of preliminary testing, lamellarins I, K and L were reported to show comparable and significant cytotoxicity against three different cell lines in culture with IC50 values of aroimd 0.25 pg/mL [55]. Lamellarins K and L... 

Sakamoto M, Chang K-H, Hanazato T (2006) Inhibition of development of anti-predator morphology in the small cladoceran Bosmina by an insecticide impact of an anthropogenic chemical on prey-predator interactions. Freshw Biol 51 1974—1983... 

Weiss, S.B.R., Li, X.L., Rosen, J.B., Li, H., and Heynen, T. Post RM. Quenching inhibition of development and expression of amygdale kindled seizures with low frequency stimulation. Neuroreport 1995,4 2171. 

Studies on the house fly, Muaca domeatica, revealed the considerable acute larvicidal activity of several terpenoids, especially carvacrol and d-limonene (19). Several metamorphosis inhibition effects were also observed, including inhibition of pupal ecdysis, uneclosed pupae, and deformed adults. Numerous compounds exhibited potency in these developmental mortalities camphene, carvacrol, carvone, cineole, citral, citronellal, citronellol, eugenol, farnesol, geraniol, limonene, linalool, B-phellandrene, and a-pinene. Egg hatch was also inhibited by exposure to the terpenoids the most effective ovicidal compounds were carvacrol, citronellal and B-phellandrene, with no acutely toxic effects noted to the embryos, but rather show inhibition of development of the embryo and inability to eclose from the egg... 

Inadequate availability of experimental data can considerably inhibit the development of improved energy functions for more accurate simulations of energetic, structural, and spectroscopic properties. This has led to the development of class II force fields such as CFF and the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF), which are both based primarily on quantum mechanical calculations of the energy surface. The purpose of MMFF, which has been developed by Thomas Halgren at Merck and Co., is to be able to handle all functional groups of interest in pharmaceutical design. 

An interesting set of central nervous system properties has also been discovered and studied (Table VI-10). The work devoted to piscaine must be emphasized besides finding hypnotic properties of 2-amino-4-phenyl-thiazole on fish, the authors studied the structure of the metabolite, as well as the localization of the (radio labeled) metabolic product in various organs. Recently, thiazol-4-yl methoxyamine was shown to inhibit the development of morphine tolerance (1607). 5-Aminothiazole derivatives such as 419a were proposed as cardiovascular agents (1608, 1610). Substitution of the 5-aminothiazole radical on the cephalophosphorin structure gives a series of antibacterial products (1609). 

Ghlorpropham. (3-Chlorophenyl)carbamic acid 1-methyl ester [101-21-3] (Chlorpropham, CJPC) (21) was patended in the early 1950s and is a carbamate. Its only use in the United States is on stored Irish potatoes to inhibit bud development. The potatoes, which are generally stored at temperatures >10° C for maximum flavor, are treated by passing a stream of air laced with chloropropham over the potatoes for 48 hours after which the potatoes are purged with pure air. 

Diphenylamine inhibits the development of scald disease during prolonged cold storage of apples and pears (42—45). It prolongs the fresh appearance of cut snapdragons (46), controls weather fleck in tobacco, inhibits algae formation, and shows growth inhibitory activity in potatoes (47). 

Theophylline s predominant mode of action appears to be bronchocHlation. However, it has also been shown that prophylactic acHriinistration of theophylline provides some protection from asthma attacks and suppresses the late-phase response (67,68). Some researchers beHeve that at therapeutic semm concentrations theophylline may inhibit the development of airway inflammation (69). There are conflicting reports on the effect of theophylline on allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness some clinical stucHes report a reduction in hyper-responsiveness, others do not (69,70). Theophylline clearly does not reverse the general bronchial hyperresponsiveness over the course of long-term therapy (71). Because of the relationship between... 

Future Outlook for Antidepressants. Third-generation antidepressants are expected to combine superior efficacy and improved safety, but are unlikely to reduce the onset of therapeutic action in depressed patients (179). Many dmgs in clinical development as antidepressive agents focus on estabhshed properties such as inhibition of serotonin, dopamine, and/or noradrenaline reuptake, agonistic or antagonistic action at various serotonin receptor subtypes, presynaptic tt2-adrenoceptor antagonism, or specific monoamine—oxidase type A inhibition. Examples include buspirone (3) (only... 

Not only is TCDO a potent therapeutic agent in acute radiation syndrome, but treatment using TCDO from days 4—11 after TBI increases the survival rate in rats for up to one year, protects against the development of late GI ulcers, and also reduces the development of y-ray-induced leukemias and malignant epitheHal tumors, but not sarcomas (202). The anticarcinogenic effect of TCDO maybe related to the inhibition of PGs, which promote carcinogenesis, or to immunostimulation, which may result in a more effective elimination of malignant cells. 

Anthrahydroquinones have been patented in Japan as bird repeUents (73), and anthraquinone [84-65-1] (qv) is used widely in Europe as a spray to protect growing crops and as a wood dressing. The synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin [52918-63-5] (27) was evaluated (74), as were other materials, including bendiocarb (20) (75) and 20,25-dia2ocholesterol dihydrochloride [1249-84-9] (Omitrol) (28), a steroid that inhibits embryo development when adsorbed or ingested as a seed treatment of bait com (55,76). 

Seafood. Sorbates are used to extend the shelf life of many seafood products, both fresh and processed (103,104). For smoked or dried fish, an instantaneous dip in 5 wt % potassium sorbate or a 10-minute dip in 1.0 wt % potassium sorbate prior to drying or smoking inhibits the development of yeast and mold (105,106). For fresh fish, sorbates can be incorporated at approximately 0.5 wt % into the ice, refrigerated seawater, or ice-water slush in... 

Miconazole. Miconazole nitrate [22832-87-7] (Fig. 2), the 1-phenethyl-imidazole derivative first described in 1969, interferes at low doses with the cytochrome P-450 dependent ergosterol biosynthesis in yeasts and fungi. The result is accumulation of C-14 methylated sterols on the one hand and reduction of the ergosterol levels in the membranes on the other hand (12). Analogous to clotrimazole, this leads to a disturbance in the membranes it results in inhibition of ceU repHcation, mycelium development (in C. albicans) and finally, ceU death. High concentrations of miconazole, which may be achieved with topical use, disturb the orientation of phosphoHpids in the membranes, which produces leaks (13). 

One of the simplest molecules found to inhibit the repHcation of DNA vimses in animals is phosphonoformic acid [4428-95-9] (PEA, 1) CH O P. Both PEA (as the trisodium salt CNa O P, foscamet [63585-09-1] audits homologue phosphono acetic acid [4408-78-0] (PAA, 2) C2H O P, were developed by Astra Pharmaceuticals (6) and show selective inhibition of DNA polymerase in various herpes vimses. 

Topical apphcation of ara-HxMP, C2QH23N40gP, significantly inhibited the development of keratitis-induced HSV-1, HSV-2, or vaccinia vims in the eyes of rabbits. Ara-HxMP also significantly controlled the development of HSV-1 or vaccinia viral-induced encephaUtis in mice and was also active in preventing equine abortion viral deaths in hamsters. Clinical trials with ara-HxMP have not yet been reported. 

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