Infusion systems

Fig. 5. Baxter Infusor Portable Infusion System. This portable, lightweight infusion system provides continuous, controlled dmg deUvery. The tubular...

The infusion system was similar to that described by Findley et al. (1972). The catheter was attached to a valve system that allowed slow continuous administration (55 to 60 mL in 24 hours) heparinized saline (5 units/mL) via a peristaltic pump to maintain catheter patency. Drug was injected into the valve system by means of a second pump and then flushed into the animal with 5 mL of saline from a third pump. This system necessitated a delay of approximately 20 seconds between the onset of drug delivery and actual injection into the vein. Drugs were delivered within a 2-minute period. 

Cyclic EN has the advantage of allowing breaks from the infusion system, thereby increasing mobility, especially if EN is administered nocturnally. 

Prevention of abrupt discontinuation of intrathecal baclofen requires careful attention to programming and monitoring of the infusion system, refill scheduling and procedures, and pump alarms. Advise patients and caregivers of the importance of keeping scheduled refill visits and educate them on the early symptoms of baclofen withdrawal. Give special attention to patients at apparent risk (eg, spinal cord injuries at T-6 or above, communication difficulties, history of withdrawal symptoms from oral or intrathecal baclofen). Consult the technical manual of the implantable infusion system for additional postimplant clinician and patient information (see Warnings). 

Active bleeding. Acutely bleeding varices can be treated by injection sclerotherapy, by tamponade and by infusion systemically of vasopressin analogues or octreotide (which reduce variceal pressure). Results of controlled trials generally reflect efficacy in oesophageal rather than gastric variceal disease, which form a minority of cases, and can be more difficult to manage. 

IV drug administration is most effective in children when given via a pump infusion system close to the site of IV insertion. Because of the small size of many pediatric doses and the fact that some drugs adhere to IV tubing, a significant percentage of the drug can be lost if... 

Pat ient must be able to administer drug via continuous subcutaneous INF and care for the infusion system... 

Patients receiving total parenteral nutrient solutions frequently require exogenous insulin to fully use the administered glucose. Consequently a study was conducted to determine the percentage of insulin adsorbed to the glass and PVC when added to a nutrient solution infusion system. The following parameters on insulin... 

A Radionuclide Generator and Infusion System for Pharmaceutical Quality Rb-82... 

When dealing with a short-lived radionuclide generator, an infusion system will be needed for elution of the generator, recording of patient dose, and administration of the activity. The effective utilization of 76 sec Rb-82 will depend on its rapid extraction from the generator. Thus, the foremost feature of an infusion system will be the attainment of a high and uniform flow... 

The infusion system may be set to elute the generator at any preset flow rate in any of the following modes ... 

Figure 3. Mobile, self-contained infusion system for Kb-82 generator.

The Rb-82 generators thus prepared were evaluated by repetitive, high volume elutions using the infusion system described earlier. Eluent was exclusively sterile, 0.9% sodium chloride solution with collections made into sterile, vented serum vials. 

In 1500 patients in intensive care, there was hypoglycemia (4 mmol/1 and less) in 5.2% of the intensively treated group and 0.8% of those who received conventional therapy (93). It has been reported that 11% of drug errors are from insulin administration errors and it has been recommended that frequent checks be made of infusion systems (93). 

Mecklenburg RS, Guinn TS, Sannar CA, Blumenstein BA. Malfunction of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion systems a one-year prospective study of 127 patients. Diabetes Care 1986 9(4) 351-5. 

Clemens, A. H., Chang, P. H., and Myers, R. W. The development of Biostator, a glucose controlled insulin infusion system (GCIIS). Horm. Metab. Res. 7 23-33, 1977. 

Fogt, E. J., Dodd, L. M., Jenning, E. M., and Clemens, A. H. Development and evaluation of a glucose analyzer for a glucose controlled insulin infusion system (Biostator). Clin. Chem. 24 1366-1372, 1978. 

Although sedative antihistamines do not potentiate the effect of alcohol, they should be avoided in excess quantity. Overdose of astemizole can be treated with gastric lavage and supportive measures.86 Coadministration of astemizole and ter-fenadine with antiarrhythmics, antipsychotics, cisapride, and diuretics should be avoided. Chlorpheniramine maleate has been found to be incompatible with phe-nobarbitone sodium, kanamycin sulfate, and calcium chloride. Cyclizines have been used alone or with opioids in tablets or in injectable form for euphoric effects. Cyproheptadine has shown dependence in long-term use. Diphenhydramine is reported to be incompatible with amphotericin, cephalothin sodium, and hydrocortisone sodium succinate. Diphenhydramine and pheniramine maleate are sometimes used as drugs of abuse. Studies have shown that promethazine is adsorbed onto glass, plastic containers, and infusion systems.87... 

D. Darbar, et al., Loss of quinidine gluconate injection in a polyvinyl chloride infusion system. Am. J. Health Sys. Pharmacol. 53 655-658, 1996. 

E.A. Kowaluk, et al., Dynamics of chlormethiazole edisylate interaction with plastic infusion systems. J. Pharm. Sci. 73 43-47, 1984. 

For medical devices, in particular for components of infusion systems, transparent polymers are indispensable. Due to the multitude of drugs pos-... 

Fig. 22 a Three-way stop cock as a component for medical infusion system, b FCP plots of PC with Mw = 30000 an improvement in material properties leads to better fatigue resistance of PC2 in lipid fat emulsion compared to PCI... 

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