Parenteral administration infusion systems

Injections Infusions Parenterals Parenteral nutrition Administration Reconstitution Infusion systems RTA Formulation Preparation Phlebitis... 

Because the newer formulation of injectable diclofenac can be administered as a rapid bolus IV injection, in comparison to the older formulation which must be infused slowly over 30 minutes, measurable plasma levels of diclofenac are observed almost immediately following IV injection of the newer formulation and peak plasma levels are achieved in approximately 3 minutes. The active substance is 99.7% protein-bound, mainly to albumin (99.4%). Parenteral administration of diclofenac avoids the first-pass metabolism observed with orally administered diclofenac, whereby only about 60% of the orally administered drug reaches the systemic circulation in unchanged form [1]. 

The IM and SC routes are by far the most frequently used extravascular parenteral routes of drug administration in farm animals. The less frequently used parenteral routes have limited application, in that they aim at directly placing high concentrations of antimicrobial agent close to the site of infection. These routes of administration include intra-articular or subconjuctival injection and intra-mammary or intra-uterine infusion. These local routes differ from the major parenteral routes in that absorption into the systemic circulation is not a prerequisite for delivery of drug to the site of action. The combined use of systemic and local delivery of drug to the site of infection represents the optimum approach to... 

In hospital, many patients have a venous cannula and systemic drugs not given orally are usually given intravenously (i.v.) rather than subcutaneously (s.c.) or intramuscularly (i.m.). Other parenteral routes of administration (intrathecal, epidural, intra-osseous, subcutaneous infusion, intra-arterial, intracardiac, etc.) can be used by trained staff but they are restricted to marginal use (e.g. palliative care, emergency situations such as resuscitation). Parenteral routes allow the administration of drugs to unconscious, uncooperative, dehydrated patients and for chemotherapy. Drugs that are inactive or irritable via other routes can also be administered via this route. The dose administered is complete and accurate. There is a fast onset of therapeutic action as the systemic effect is direct, with predictable bioavailability. There is no first-pass metabolism. Nevertheless, once administered, the effect cannot be reversed (e.g. in case of overdose). 

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