Infrared scanners

Infrared An encoded shadow pattern within the card, read using an infrared scanner Moderate IR scanners are optical and, thus, vulnerable to contamination. High... 

Radiation. The thermal radiation emitted by a body is a function of the temperature of the body hence, measurement of the radiant energy can be used to indicate the temperature. Commonly employed sensors in this category are optical thermometers, infrared scanners, spectroscopic techniques, and total-radiation calorimeters. 

An estimated 2.8 million capacitors are in use in the USA. About 2000 of them rupture every year, causing spillage into the environment. As in the case of transformers, there are no tools to predict capacitor failure. Soil samples have to be tested for contamination, and the solid PCB-containing material must be shredded prior to incineration. The utility industry considers it to be cost-ineffective to recover the part/parts of the contaminated capacitors. Portable screening devices such as x-ray fluorescence meters for transformer oil, acoustical detectors to detect the ultrasonic sound from a faltering capacitor, and an infrared scanner to measure the temperature-rise of the faltering capacitor have been studied in the field (Miller, 1982). 

Line scan rate - The number of target lines scanned by an infrared scanner or imager in one second. 

Temperature Distribution Measurement The temperature distribution in fuel cells can be of critical importance to the kinetics, electrolyte conductivity, material compatibility issues (high-temperature fuel cells), internal reformation process (high-temperature fuel cells), and other kinetic and transport phenomena known to be functionally dependent on temperature. Since the SOFC is dominated by the electrolyte resistance, which is a strong function of temperature, the current distribution in these systems closely follows the temperature profile. Several techniques can be used to measure the temperature distribution in a fuel cell. An embedded thermistor or thermocouple can be used when carefully placed. Additionally, infrared temperature measurement is a fascinating way to observe real-time temperature variation in a fuel cell. Infrared scanners can be used to look at temperature distribution in a specially modified single fuel cell and have been useful to see the phase change processes from ice to liquid in a low-temperature fuel cell [31]. 

W.M. ter Ktiile, B. Knoll, P.Ci.M. Hesselink. Measurement and imaging of gases m indusrrni environments with the infrared gas cloud scanner. Appl. Occup. fnviron. Hyg. 8 1), 199,, ... 

Collecting optics, radiation detectors and some form of indicator are the basic elements of an industrial infrared instrument. The optical system collects radiant energy and focuses it upon a detector, which converts it into an electrical signal. The instrument s electronics amplifies the output signal and process it into a form which can be displayed. There are three general types of instruments that can be used for predictive maintenance infrared thermometers or spot radiometers line scanners and imaging systems. 

Point-of-use infrared thermometers are commercially available and relatively inexpensive. The typical cost for this type of infrared instrument is less than 1,000. Infrared imaging systems will have a price range between 8,000 for a black and white scanner without storage capability to over 60,000 for a microprocessor-based, color imaging system. 

UV, visible and near infrared PU 8620 basic instrument Optional PU 8700 scanner for colour graphics PU 8800 research applications... 

L. R. Middendorf, J. C. Bruce, R. C. Bruce, R. D. Eckles, D. L. Grone, S. C. Roemer, G. D. Sloniker, D. L. Steffens, S. L. Sutter, J. A. Brumbaugh and G. Patonay, Continuous, on-line DNA sequencing using a versatile infrared laser scanner/electrophoresis apparatus Electrophoresis 13, 487-494... 

Kahlc. A-B., md A.F.H. Goetz Mincratogic Information from a New Airborne Thermal Infrared Vlullispcclral Scanner." Srieitee, 222. 24-27 119831. 

Figure D3.4.5 Schematic diagram of infrared/ultrasonic scanner to determine creaming profiles.

Infant formula, tocopherol/tocotrienol analysis, 479, 487, 489 (table) Infrared spectroscopy, see also Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy fat measurement, 572 trans fatty acids, 505 Infrared/ultrasonic scanner for emulsion creaming, 597-598 Injection techniques for GC, 449 Insoluble recombinant proteins, purification of, 276... 

Computer-controlled automatic profile dies with electrical controlled sensors in closed-loop control systems have developed greater efficiency and accuracy to extrusion coating, cast film, and sheet lines. A scanner measures the web thickness and signals the computer, which then converts the readings to act on thermally actuated die bolts. The individual adjusting bolts expand or contract as ordered by the computer to control the profile. The more sophisticated systems measure adjusting bolt temperature and provide faster response time with less scrap and quicker startups. The scanner is typically an infrared, nuclear, or caliper-type gauge. 

Figure 3.4-1 Optical diagram of a commercial Michelson interferometer for infrared and Raman spectroscopy (Bruker IFS 66 with Raman module FRA 106). CE control electronics, D1/D2 IR detectors, BS beamsplitter, MS mirror scanner, IP input port, S IR source, AC aperture changer, XI — X3 external beams, A aperture for Raman spectroscopy, D detector for Raman spectroscopy, FM Rayleigh filter module, SC sample compartment with illumination optics, L Nd.YAG laser, SP sample position.

Middendorf, L.R., et al. (1992) Continuous, on-line DNA sequencing using a versatile infrared laser scanner / electrophoresis apparatus. Electrophoresis 13 487-94. 

Coupled spectroscopic methods such as TLC-UV (ultraviolet) and visible spectroscopy, TLC-mass spectrometry, and TLC-FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) have been developed to overcome this difficulty [7]. Their future application in the TLC analysis of natural pigments will markedly increase the information content of this simple and interesting separation technique. The automation of the various steps of TLC analysis (sample application, automated developing chambers, TLC scanners, etc.) greatly increased the reliability of the method, making it suitable for official control and legislative purposes [8]. 

In the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China, airborne short-wave infrared split spectral scanner data revealed an anomaly that proved to reflect a major increase in total... 

The basic near range sensors are the infrared and ultraviolet detectors, often coming together as IR/UV-sensor, in most cases in a line-scanner (LS) assembly. The IR/UV-LS is a passive bi-spectral remote sensor that is sensitive in the thermal infrared (TIR) between 8 and 14 pm and in the near ultraviolet (NUV) between 0.32 and 0.38 pm. At an aircraft altitude of 300 m its swath width amounts to approximately 500 m. This sensor on the one hand is used to measure the thermal emission of the sea surface in the TIR and on the other hand serves for the detection of highly reflecting... 

Radiation thermometers can be sensitive to radiation in all wavelengths (total-radiation thermometers) or only to radiation in a band of wavelengths (spectral-radiation thermometers). Thermocouple and thermopile junctions or a calorimeter are the usual detectors in a total-radiation thermometer. For spectral systems, the classification is normally based on the effective wavelength or wavelength band used—as determined, for example, by a filter, which allows only near-monochromatic radiation to reach the detector, or by the use of a detector sensitive only to radiation in a specific wavelength band. Radiation thermometers utilize the visible portion of the radiation spectrum, infrared thermometers or scanners measure infrared radiation, and spectroscopic thermometers operate with radiation that is normally of shorter wavelength than the other two methods. 

There is a standard, ASTM D4788 (2003) covering infrared thermography of concrete and asphalt-covered concrete bridge decks. This requires a scanner with a minimum thermal resolution of 0.2°C and says that the temperature difference between a sound area and a delamination or a debonded area should be 0.5°C. The standard is for a vehicle mounted system and claims 80-90% of delaminations can be found in concrete decks with or without an asphalt overlay. 

D Scanners All 3D digitization systems based on moving emitters and receivers fall into this category. Image acquisition is possible through one or a number of laser or Infrared beams captured by mobile digital cameras. These methods are quite expensive but, at the same... 

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