Information sources review articles

In this section, a number of applications for NRA are presented. As this is not a review article, the following is only a sampling of the possible uses of this powerful technique. The reader interested in information on additional applications is directed to the proceedings of the Ion Beam Analysis Conferences and those from the International Conferences on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, among other sources. 

Review article Excellent source of information about Mossbauer spectroscopy of iridium compounds and alloys... 

A review article reports information regarding the preparation, handling, and storage of this important 3-carbon chiral source.9 Our experience with the compound demonstrates that it tends to polymerize and readily adds water to form hydrate 1 in aqueous solution, from which it is extracted with only difficultly. Both hydrated and polymerized aldehyde can contaminate samples and result in lowered optical rotation values, even though no racemization has occurred. The present procedure provides... 

Before a species is analyzed with respect to its flavonoid content, knowledge about earlier reports on the chemistry and flavonoid distribution within the genus and related species may be of value. The most exhaustive source for such information is Chemical Abstracts, and excellent reviews on structures and distribution of flavanoids have been compiled regularly.Several reviews have recently addressed the general field of flavonoid analysis.Among the earlier reviews in the field, we will particularly recommend consulting Techniques of Flavonoid Identification by Markham and Plant Phenolics by Harborne. References to review articles on specific spectroscopic techniques applied on flavonoids will be cited under the various spectroscopic methods covered in this chapter. Spectroscopic information of importance is also presented in several other chapters in this book. 

A few years after these events, a review article by McCleverty4 in 1968 provided (in over 170 pages) the first thorough overview of this field. This review contains a multitude of details which still merits its mention as a valuable source of information on this class of compounds. Several other reviews dealing with different aspects of dithiolene chemistry have appeared in the meantime.5"11 The field has expanded in different directions, spurred by the synthesis of several structurally unique compounds and of materials of particular use in quite diverse areas such as highly conducting molecular crystals and as infrared dyes for various applications. Dithiolenes thus represent a class of materials which are not only of significance on their own, but which also find some applications in which their unique electronic properties can be employed. 

For each vitamin, the food sources, biochemistry, metabolism, and biological functions, including both vitamin and nonvitamin activities, will be discussed briefly. References to recent review articles are included for the benefit of readers requiring more detailed information. 

The book is extensively footnoted. It is neither possible nor desirable in a book of this kind to present exhaustive reviews of the topics taken up, and we have made no effort to give complete references. We have tried to include references to review articles and monographs wherever recent ones are available, to provide key references to the original literature for the ideas discussed, and to give sources for all factual information presented. The text also contains numerous cross references. 

Salmonella and Listeria are a source of numerous food borne illness. As a result, a lot of attention has been focused on these microorganisms. The effort in the Salmonella area focused on obtaining antibodies which can detect several serotypes (14-16, 61,64, 90) and shortening the assay time from 3-4 days to 1-2 days by use of more sensitive formats and enrichment protocols (74, 75, 91,92). Numerous immunoassay kits for Salmonella were developed, such as the Salmonella-Tek (74, 75), Tecra Salmonella (93) and Bio-Enza Bead (94), to name a few. More information on kits is given in section 2.9. Additional information is available for Salmonella, Listeria and other microbiological contaminants and toxins (see Table 1) in review articles and books (5, 7,11-13, 88,95-99). 

Tables 2.5a,b provide a comprehensive list of guest molecules forming simple si and sll clathrate hydrates. The type of structure formed and the measured lattice parameter, a, obtained from x-ray or neutron diffraction are listed. Unless indicated by a reference number, the cell dimension is the 0°C value given by von Stackelberg and Jahns (1954). Where no x-ray data exists, assignment of structure I or II is based on composition studies and/or the size of the guest molecule. Tables 2.5a,b also indicate the year the hydrate former was first reported, the temperature (°C) for the stable hydrate structure at 1 atm, and the temperatures (°C) and pressures (atm) of the invariant points (Qi and Q2). Both cyclopropane and trimethylene oxide can form si or sll hydrates. Much of the contents of these tables have been extracted from the excellent review article by Davidson (1973), with updated information from more recent sources (as indicated in the tables).

The aforementioned frequency of the use of these nanomaterial shapes is best attributed to two factors (1) the ease with which these nanoparticle shapes can be synthesized in the laboratory and (2) the availability of these nanomaterials from commercial sources. It cannot be the aim of this review to cover all of the different nanomaterials used so far, but some of the most commonly investigated will be introduced in more detail. For zero-dimensional nanoparticles, emphasis will be put on metallic nanoparticles (mainly gold), semiconductor quantum dots, as well as magnetic (different iron oxides) and ferroelectric nanoparticles. In the area of onedimensional nanomaterials, metal and semiconductor nanorods and nano wires as well as carbon nanotubes will be briefly discussed, and for two-dimensional nanomaterials only nanoclay. Finally, researchers active in the field are advised to seek further information about these and other nanomaterials in the following, very insightful review articles [16, 36-45]. 

Included in this chapter is a catalog of all known C20-diterpenoid alkaloids showing the correct structures, physical properties, plant sources, and key references. Previously published books (19 21) and recent reviews (15-16) have reported incorrect structures for several well-known C20-diterpenoid alkaloids. This catalog should be very useful for it presents in a single place important structural information on the C20-diterpenoid alkaloids that has been scattered through hundreds of papers and dozens of review articles. 

Chemical Abstracts (Dl) is undoubtedly the most convenient and comprehensive reference source, particularly since 1962 when a section devoted to organometallic and organometalloidal compounds was introduced. Information concerning books, review articles, and conferences is, however, extremely brief, and usually the subject matter of a particular entry must be judged solely from the title. Comparable publications in other languages include Chemisches Informationsdienst (D2) and Refera-tivnyi Zhumal, Khimya. 

Any doubts concerning the significance of patents as sources of chemical information will be dispelled on perusal of recent annual reports on Chemical Abstracts, which during 1949 listed 11,390 patents, distributed among 29 of the 32 sections (3). The bibliography section of recent books and review articles in various chemical fields generally carries a goodly proportion of patent numbers. 

A comprehensive survey and review of the German chemical literature cannot be given a balanced treatment within the frame of a single paper. Moreover, the descriptive aspects of German information sources in the field of chemistry have been well covered in a number of books and articles. Therefore in what follows the actual description of such sources is limited and their use in literature research is stressed. Thus, there is a shift of emphasis from What is German chemical literature to How may German chemical literature be employed and used to the best advantage of the research worker in the library or the laboratory ... 

Many recently published review articles, book chapters, and even entire books are devoted to adsorption of ionic species. Usually they cover one adsorbent (or a group of related adsorbents) or specific method(s). Some of these publications were very helpful during the preparation of this book, but current original papers were the main source of information. 

The references in this chapter cite recent review articles or books when available these are indicated by (R) or (B), respectively, in the citation, and the titles of review articles are given. Students should consult these sources if they want more detailed information about a particular topic or references to the original literature. 

In this review an overview of all the different information on Rubia tinctorum available in literature is given. Such a review article is not yet available. A number of good reviews deals with different aspects of Rubia tinctorum. For example the history, cultivation and use of natural dye sources including Rubia tinctorum was described thoroughly by Schweppe [3]. Together with other references his book is used as a source for an overview of the historical development of Rubia tinctorum. Also the use of madder as a dye source is discussed in detail. In the excellent book by Thomson (1971) [1] all the naturally occurring anthraquinones and their spectral data are described. In 1986 Wijnsma and Verpoorte [4] wrote a... 

The state of the art is described in many excellent and comprehensive books [4-29] and general review articles [30-70], The reference list gives only the most prominent and best known reviews. Additional and highly recommendable information sources for the synthetic chemist are the Warwick Biotransformation Abstracts and the associated electronic database. Contact address H.G. Crout, Warwick Biotransformation Club Database, Organic Chemical Institute, University of Warwick, UK (service for members only). The two CD-ROMs Biotransformation (K. Kieslich and the Warwick Biotransformation Club) and BioCatalysis (H.L. Holland and B. Jones) are available from Chapman Hall (London, 1996). Practical examples for preparative biotransformations (with checked procedures)... 

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