Informal waste processing

Keywords E-waste, Extended producer responsibility, Informal waste processing, Recycling, Take-back... 

Identification of Waste Constituents In any processing (and disposal) scheme, the key item is knowledge of the characteristics of the wastes to be handled. Without this information, effective processing or treatment is impossible. For this reason, the characteristics of the wastes must be known before they are accepted and hauled to a treatment or disposal site. In most states, proper identification of the constituents of the waste is the responsibility of the waste generator. 

Generators must send a notification with the initial shipment of every waste. If the waste, process, or receiving facility changes, another notification is required. The information that the notification must include varies according to the status of the waste. For example, the notification requirements will differ slightly if the waste meets its treatment standard or is subject to a national capacity variance. 

India is second to China in processing e-waste. Seventy percent of the e-waste processed or disposed of in India is believed to originate abroad, with Delhi as its primary destination. Bangalore handles more that is domestically produced India by itself produces 400,000 tons of e-waste annually. With only three facilities currently existing in India to properly handle e-waste, the overwhelming majority goes into the informal sector. As in China, unwanted electronic equipment is seen as worth money, and sold by households or businesses to doorstep collectors. 

In previous subsections, the amounts of the targeted e-waste appliances and their content in the selected additives have been presented for the case of China. The next step is to define scenarios in order to determine the distribution of the additives (Pb and PBDEs) among the informal recycling processes. Furthermore, the estimation on the predicted emissions to the environmental targeted compartments is also done. 

This book is a comparison of twenty-eight emerging technologies for the treatment of petrochemical wastes. It covers the full range of thermal, physical, chemical, and biological methods, providing information about processes, vendors, applications, state of development, and known or anticipated problems with each. 

NCRP emphasizes, however, that waste classification does not provide a substitute for establishing requirements on treatment and disposal of specific wastes at specific sites, requirements on remediation of contaminated sites, or decisions by regulatory authorities about the acceptability of any such activities. The acceptability of particular waste management or disposal activities must be based on site-specific assessments of risks posed by well characterized wastes. Waste classification, although useful, can only inform the process of... 

Gasification of waste plastics in a plasma reactor and the application of the high calorific gas produced for production of electricity, followed by using waste heat from the turbine for steam generation, has been presented by German inventors [50]. There is no information about process efficiency and the main advantage of the solution is the possibility of using various feed compositions. 

Central or Communist Independent States French Nuclear Power company Independent Scientific Committee Cooperative Threat Reduction Program Department of Energy derivative binned information trending tool French nuclear safety authority Defense Waste Processing Facility (US)... 

This Japanese concern claims a process [196-199] in which PET waste is first glycolised under fairly mild conditions (0.1-0.5 MPa/175 °C), and the floating residue separated and heavy residue filtered off. The remaining solution is distilled to recover EG, and the leftover material subjected to methanolysis. Further EG and DMTA are recovered. The residual liquid is further distilled to recover methanol and a final portion of EG. From the available information this process appears to be chemically and economically efficient. 

The clonal selection theory implies that the B-lymphocytes do not use antigenic information to construct antibodies but that the amino acid sequences of the antigen-binding sites are inherent in the genome. The production of genes that can code for millions of different antibodies, only a few of which are ever used, seems an extremely wasteful process. However, the random generation of different patterns or variations, only some of which are selected, is the basis of Darwin s theory of evolution, and antibody production by a clone descended from one stimulated lymphocyte is an example of the survival of the fittest . 

These descriptions of liquid membrane technology provide state-of-the-art information for both the novice and the practitioner. Chemists who work in metal-ion complexation and separation, carrier synthesis, and nuclear chemistry will want a copy of this book. Chemical engineers involved in gas processing, metals recovery, and nuclear-waste processing will also find this book to be a valuable resource. 

Another example of information waste is found in the nontrust systems established in most organizations. Every time an undesirable event occurs, a system is created to ensure that it will not happen again. As has been documented, in many companies the nontrust systems, and the cost of the data collection process that they have created, is much more expensive than the problem they are supposedly solving. It is this type of information obsession and lack of trust that is scoffed at internationally. In Japan, this is labeled information waste. 

The Natural Reactor. Some two biUion years ago, uranium had a much higher (ca 3%) fraction of U than that of modem times (0.7%). There is a difference in half-hves of the two principal uranium isotopes, U having a half-life of 7.08 x 10 yr and U 4.43 x 10 yr. A natural reactor existed, long before the dinosaurs were extinct and before humans appeared on the earth, in the African state of Gabon, near Oklo. Conditions were favorable for a neutron chain reaction involving only uranium and water. Evidence that this process continued intermittently over thousands of years is provided by concentration measurements of fission products and plutonium isotopes. Usehil information about retention or migration of radioactive wastes can be gleaned from studies of this natural reactor and its products (12). 

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