Information waste

Keywords E-waste, Extended producer responsibility, Informal waste processing, Recycling, Take-back... 

Types of Information Waste management topics such as landfill technology, composting, and recycling... 

Types of Information Waste management, water quality topics, and information resources... 

Signs and Labels Spills and Accidents Training and Information Waste Disposal... 

Another example of information waste is found in the nontrust systems established in most organizations. Every time an undesirable event occurs, a system is created to ensure that it will not happen again. As has been documented, in many companies the nontrust systems, and the cost of the data collection process that they have created, is much more expensive than the problem they are supposedly solving. It is this type of information obsession and lack of trust that is scoffed at internationally. In Japan, this is labeled information waste. 

Plutonium (Pu) is an artificial element of atomic number 94 that has its main radioactive isotopes at 2 °Pu and Pu. The major sources of this element arise from the manufacture and detonation of nuclear weapons and from nuclear reactors. The fallout from detonations and discharges of nuclear waste are the major sources of plutonium contamination of the environment, where it is trapped in soils and plant or animal life. Since the contamination levels are generally very low, a sensitive technique is needed to estimate its concentration. However, not only the total amount can be estimated. Measurement of the isotope ratio provides information about its likely... 

The radicals are then involved in oxidations such as formation of ketones (qv) from alcohols. Similar reactions are finding value in treatment of waste streams to reduce total oxidizable carbon and thus its chemical oxygen demand. These reactions normally are conducted in aqueous acid medium at pH 1—4 to minimize the catalytic decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide. More information on metal and metal oxide-catalyzed oxidation reactions (Milas oxidations) is available (4-7) (see also Photochemical technology, photocatalysis). 

ISI is available in hard copy and electronically at EPA s headquarters and regional Hbraries, and through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). The electronic form may be installed on IBM PC-compatible computers or placed on local area networks, and mn under Microsoft WINDOWS or WordPerfect s Library program. The Macintosh version is no longer available. The 1993 update will include the ISI hardcopy, PC disks, and the PC system user manual. EPA also pubHshes ACCESS EPA, which provides sources of information, databases, and pubHcations within the EPA. Chapter 5 of that pubhcation includes important environmental databases in air and soHd waste, pesticides and toxic substances, water, and cross-program (110). EPA also provides databases accessible through EPA Hbraries, which describe the private EPA and commercial databases available to Hbrary users (111). 

The Natural Reactor. Some two biUion years ago, uranium had a much higher (ca 3%) fraction of U than that of modem times (0.7%). There is a difference in half-hves of the two principal uranium isotopes, U having a half-life of 7.08 x 10 yr and U 4.43 x 10 yr. A natural reactor existed, long before the dinosaurs were extinct and before humans appeared on the earth, in the African state of Gabon, near Oklo. Conditions were favorable for a neutron chain reaction involving only uranium and water. Evidence that this process continued intermittently over thousands of years is provided by concentration measurements of fission products and plutonium isotopes. Usehil information about retention or migration of radioactive wastes can be gleaned from studies of this natural reactor and its products (12). 

Classification of wastes may be according to purpose, distinguishing between defense waste related to military appHcations, and commercial waste related to civiUan appHcations. Classification may also be by the type of waste, ie, mill tailings, high level radioactive waste (HLW), spent fuel, low level radioactive waste (LLW), or transuranic waste (TRU). Alternatively, the radionucHdes and the degree of radioactivity can define the waste. Surveys of nuclear waste management (1,2) and more technical information (3—5) are available. 

The safety record for transport of radioactive materials including spent fuel and wastes is excellent. Information about transportation of radioactive materials including waste is managed by DOE. Codes such as RADTRAN that can calculate pubHc radiation dose owing to the passage of shipments have been developed. The maximum dosage from such shipments is a very small fraction of the typical annual radiation dose from all other sources. 

M. Olszewski, S. J. HiUenbrand, and S. A. Reed, Waste Meat vs. Conventional Systemsfor Greenhouse Environment Control An Economic Assessment, ORNL/TM-5069, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., 1976. 

See Wastes, industrial for more information on wastewater treatment. 

Hypalon raw polymer compounds or cured product may be disposed of in an approved landfill. Incineration is not recommended because of the evolution of toxic gases. Additional information is available from Du Pont concerning these and other potential health hazards when handling Hypalon compounds, finished products, thermal decomposition products, or waste disposal (43). 

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