Influence of Different Metals

Kim et al. have compared the hydrogen and methane sensitivity at 400-600°C of Pt and Pd-SiC Schottky diodes fabricated on n-type 6H-SiC. The Pd or Pt ( 80 nm) was sputter deposited in 1-mm dots [8]. The sensitivity was measured as the change in current at a constant forward bias of 3V. The Pd-SiC Schottky diodes showed a higher sensitivity, as well as faster speed of response to both hydrogen and methane. The stability of the hydrogen response was tested for 30 days at 500°C and showed excellent results for both types of sensors. 

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Vessieres A, Top S, Beck W, Hillard EA, Jaouen G (2006) Metal complex SERMs (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators). The influence of different metal units on breast cancer cell antiproliferative effects. Dalton Trans 4 529-541... 

In addition, the following results were described thermoelectromotoric force (n-type conductors) influence of different metal atoms on o of polyMPc - a... 

P. Steiner, A. Wiedenhofer, F. Kozlowski, and W. Lang, Influence of different metallic contacts on porous silicon electroluminescence. Thin Solid Films 276, 159, 1996. 

While the general principles of the crystal structures of Prussian blue analogs have been conclusively elucidated, there still remain problems to be solved. It would be of interest to improve the resolution of the structure analysis to obtain finer details of the bond distances, and especially to study the influence of different metal ions on the C—N distance. The most desirable goal, of course, is still to grow single crystals of the archetype of these compounds, Prussian blue. 

Steiner P, Kozlowski F, Lang W (1993) Light-emitting porous silicon diode with an increased electroluminescence quantum efficiency. Appl Phys Lett 62(21) 2700-2702 Steiner P, Kozlowski F, Wielunski M, Lang W (1994) Enhanced blue-light emission from an indium-treated porous silicon device. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 1 33(11) 6075-6077 Steiner P, Wiedenhofer A, Kozlowski F, Lang W (1996) Influence of different metallic contacts on porous silicon electroluminescence. Thin Solid Films 276(1-2) 159-163... 

The resistivities of the ternary stannides have different values and temperature dependences because of the variety of their composition and crystal structures. Skolozdra (1993) classified the stannides by their resistivity behaviours from the curvature of the p(T) function in the range 80-360 K. A tendency that stannides with large M contents have a bigger curvature has been found. A comparison of the influence of different metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) on curvature indicated that as the transition of M from iron to copper occurs, the curvature of the p(f) function decreases and all practically studied copper stannides have a linear p(T) dependence. 

Almost all common metals and structural steels are liable to corrode in seawater. Regulations have to be followed in the proper choice of materials [16], In addition, there is a greater risk of corrosion in mixed constructions consisting of different metals on account of the good conductivity of seawater. The electrochemical series in seawater (see Table 2-4), the surface area rule [Eq. (2-44)] and the geometrical arrangement of the structural components serve to assess the possibility of bimetallic corrosion (see Section 2.2.4.2 and Ref. 17). Moreover the polarization resistances have considerable influence [see Eq. (2-43)]. The standards on bimetallic corrosion provide a survey [16,17]. 

Abstract—Carbon nanotubules were produced in a large amount by catalytic decomposition of acetylene in the presence of various supported transition metal catalysts. The influence of different parameters such as the nature of the support, the size of active metal particles and the reaction conditions on the formation of nanotubules was studied. The process was optimized towards the production of nanotubules having the same diameters as the fullerene tubules obtained from the arc-discharge method. The separation of tubules from the substrate, their purification and opening were also investigated. 

This prototropic equilibrium has been also studied in substrates bearing metals linked to the nitrogen atom in the form of CP2MCI or CpMCl2 groups [76-78], and the influence of different ligands at the metal center on the resulting equilibrium between the kinetically favored NH phosphinous amide and the thermodynamically stable tautomeric PH phosphazene form has been discussed (Scheme 11). 

The surface-phase layers will difier in character depending on the stractures of metal and oxide. On certain metals (zinc, cadmium, magnesium, etc.), loose, highly porous layers are formed which can attain appreciable thicknesses. On other metals (aluminum, bismuth, titanium, etc.), compact layers with low or zero porosity are formed which are no thicker than 1 pm. In a number of cases (e.g., on iron), compact films are formed wfiicfi fiave a distorted lattice, owing to the influence of substrate metal stracture and of the effect of chemical surface forces. The physicochemical and thermodynamic parameters of such films differ from tfiose of ordinary bulk oxides. Because of the internal stresses in the distorted lattice, such films are stable only when their thickness is insignificant (e.g., up to 3 to 5 nm). 

Direct metallation of o-halogenophenoxyelement derivatives of silicon, tin, and phosphorus leads to an unstable metallated intermediate which undergoes a rapid 1,3-rearrangement under element-carbon bond formation. This type of reaction seems to be a general method for the synthesis of hydroxyphenyl element derivatives [1-4], We have studied the influence of different organoelement groups on the reaction pathway. The yield increases in the sequence R3Sn < R2P < RjSi P(0)(0R)2. 

In the Group XIV compounds the two rings are not parallel, due to the influence of the metal lone pair, giving rise to a bent-sandwich molecular structure142 (C2V symmetry), different from that in other stable cyclopentadienyl derivatives, such as Fe(Cp)2, where the two rings are parallel (D5h symmetry in the eclipsed conformation and D5d symmetry in the staggered one). 

Kandeler E, Kampichler C, Horak O (1996) Influence of heavy metals on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities. Biol Fertil Soils 23 299-306 Kandeler E, Tscherko D, Spiegel H (1999) Long-term monitoring of microbial biomass, N mineralisation and enzyme activities of a Chernozem under different tillage management. Biol Fertil Soils 28 343-351... 

It is known that zinc and cooper play an important role in immune system functioning (Kelley et al., 1995 Skalny and Rudakov, 2004 Zinc, 2001). Deficiency of these metals causes immune system dysfunctions. Recently these dysfunctions are seen to be widely distributed, especially in children. It is known also that sensitivity of the immune system to external influences differs in different age periods and it was found (Evstafyeva et al., 2002) that the influence of toxic metals is more significant in 7-11-year-old urbanized children. At the same time zinc and cooper deficiency was found in 1-6-year-old children, zinc deficiency and copper lowered contents, in... 

A major disadvantage of the Wacker chemistry using chloride catalysts is the production of chlorinated byproducts such as chloroethanal. These have to be removed since they are toxic and cannot be allowed in the wastewater. In the small recycle loop the catalyst solution is heated to 160 °C which leads to decomposition of chlorinated aldehydes under the influence of the metal chlorides. The traces going over the top in the gas/liquid separator have to be removed from the wastewater by different means. The toxicity inhibits biodegradation. Chlorine free catalysts have been studied but have not (yet) been commercialised. 

The influence of the metal on electrosorption was also considered in the adsorption of aromatic compounds. Extensive studies of adsorption of different aliphatic and aromatic compounds on a polycrystalline Pt electrode in O.OIMHCI solution were done by Bockris etal. Using different techniques (radiotracer, FTIR, and ellipsometry), they were found that aromatic molecules are adsorbed parallely to the electrode surface and that the potential dependence of adsorption is symmetrical around the pzc. It was concluded that the dependence of adsorption on the potential is mostly determined by the interaction of water with the Pt surface. 

The cleaning effect of rain is important in the corrosion process. In many cases this variable is significant, as well as the inclusion of time of rain as an independent variable in explaining the influence of different parameters in atmospheric corrosion rate of basic metals. 

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