Inflammatory bowel disease , and

Colon inflammation 1. AEA levels are elevated in the colon of DNBS-treated mice and in the colon submucosa of TNBS-treated rats, two animal models of inflammatory bowel diseases, and in the biopsies of patients with ulcerative colitis, to control inflammation 1. Inhibitors of degradation (both FAAH and cellular re-uptake)... 

KC706 stabilizes the inactive conformation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38a, a protein kinase involved in inflammatory reactions and cardiovascular functions. KC706 therefore holds the potential to treat conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease and cardiovascular disease. This compound is currently being tested in phase II clinical trials with patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. 

In addition to those described above, some of the newest compounds emerging in SERM development are ER 3-selective ligands and pathway-selective modulators that target the interaction of the ERs with the transcription factor NFkB. While such compounds are in the early stages of clinical evaluation, thus far they demonstrate great potential for use in the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and like other SERMs, cancer [4]. 

The fiber of rice bran products, especially the RiceMucil is helpful in maintaining normal gastrointestinal and colon health (Tomlin and Read, 1988). It helps in bowel regularity. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and colitis get excellent relief with RiceMucil . As has been mentioned in the earlier part of this chapter, the fiber of rice bran is non-bloating and lactose free, and the acidic environment the fiber creates during the fermentation of undigested food improves colon health and induces all the healthy enzymes and fnendly bacteria to proliferate (Folino et al, 1995 Life Sciences News Letter, 1999). It has been scientifically demonstrated to have an excellent nutritional support for gut and colon health. 

Certain underlying conditions (e.g., AIDS, inflammatory bowel disease, and prior gastric surgery) predispose the patient to more severe disease. 

Banerjee AK, Peters TJ Experimental nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy in the rat Similarities to inflammatory bowel disease and effect of thromboxane synthetase inhibitors. Gut 1990 3 i 1358— 1364. 

Rhodes JM Unifying hypothesis for inflammatory bowel disease and associated colon cancer Sticking the pieces together with sugar. Lancet 1996 347 40-44. 

Burke DA, Axon ATR Adhesive Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease and infective diarrhea. BMJ 1988 297 102-104. 

Schultsz C, Moussa M, van Ketel H, Tytgat GN, Dankert J Frequency of pathogenic and enteroadherent Escherichia coli in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and controls. J Clin Pathol 1997 50 573-579. 

Substance P, an undecapeptide, is abundant both in the periphery and in the central nervous system. It is usually co-localized with one of the classical neurotransmitters, most commonly serotonin. Substance P is thought to have a role in the regulation of pain, asthma, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease and, in the CNS, emesis, migraine, schizophrenia, depression and anxiety. The substance-P-preferring receptor neurokinin-1 has been focused on most intensively in drug development, and existing... 

Chemical enhancers have been demonstrated to produce transport windows in eolonie epithelia large enough for the passage of many bacterial toxins. Patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases and colitis typically have increased colonic permeability [45] due to bacterial toxins, both entertoxins and cytotoxins that increase eapillary permeability. Increased colon permeability associated with a diseased state may be useful in treatment where improvement of the condition might reduce mucosal permeability and naturally reduce drug transport. 

Whereas initially the focus on antibody-based therapies was on cancer, anti-TNFa antibodies in particular have recently proven powerful in the therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rhemnatoid arthritis [71], These antibodies complex serum TNFa, the clinical benefit to RA patients most likely being the reduction of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and acute phase protein levels [9], Although they are directed against soluble proteins and as such will not serve as a drug carrier, they do show that targeted, i.e. selective, interference with a specific molecule or process can have a powerful effect without significant concomitant toxicity. 

Sulfasalazine is composed of sulfapyridine and 5-ASA molecules linked by an azo bond. Sulfapyridine has no effect on the inflammatory bowel disease, and instillation of this agent into the colon does not heal colonic mucosa. It is, however, responsible for most of sulfasalazine s side effects, including sulfa allergic reactions. 5-ASA, the active metabolite, may inhibit the synthesis of mediators of inflammation. 

In patients with psoriasis treated with methotrexate, hepatic damage is common however, among patients with inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis, the risk is significantly lower. Renal insufficiency may increase risk of hepatic accumulation and toxicity. 

Based on the results from these three trials, BioCryst has initiated a multicenter Phase III trial for the treatment of CTCL, as well as a large, multicenter Phase II trial for psoriasis. In addition to the two clinical trials using the topical formulation, a Phase I clinical trial in CTCL and T-cell lymphoma/leukemia has begun using an oral formulation of BCX-34. In the future, a number of other T-cell mediated diseases or processes are possible targets for BCX-34, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and organ transplant rejection. 

Cyclosporine is used to a somewhat lesser extent in treating autoimmune diseases, but it may be helpful in conditions such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and glomerulonephri-tiS.i5,32,63 as discussed in Chapter 32, cyclosporine has also been used in the early stages of type 1 diabetes mellitus to help control immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells, thus decreasing the severity of this disease in some patients.9... 

Onnie CM, Fisher SA, Pattni R, et al. Associations of allelic variants of the multidrug resistance gene (ABCB1 or MDR1) and inflammatory bowel disease and their effects on disease behavior a case-control and meta-analysis study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006 12(4) 263-271. 

Acarbose is a glucopyranose derivative that acts by inhibiting intestinal a-gluco-sidase. This delays carbohydrate absorption and reduces the postprandial (1.5 hours after food) blood glucose levels and is used in combination with other sulfonyl-ureas. Acarbose may cause GI disturbances, flatulence, abdominal distortion, diarrhea, and pain. Acarbose should be avoided during pregnancy, as it affects the fetus. Acarbose is contraindicated in inflammatory bowel disease and hepatic dysfunction. 

Interferons are proteins or glycoproteins that are produced either by animal cells or plant cells in response to stimuli or DNA recombinant technology. These drugs are active against malignant neoplasms and have immunomodulating effects. These are useful in chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hairy cell leukemia, myeloid leukemia, follicular lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, multiple myeloma, renal cell carcinoma, multiple sclerosis, chronic granulomatous diseases, blood disorders, common cold, herpes simplex, inflammatory bowel disease, and leishmaniasis. 

Bizzaro N, Villalta D, Tonutti E, Doria A, Tampoia M, Bassetti D, et al. IgA and IgG tissue transglutaminase antibody prevalence and clinical significance in connective tissue diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2003 48 2360-2365. 

Black D, Prempeh H, Baxter T. Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. Lancet 1998 351(9106) 905-6. 

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