Industrial production processes

Several groups of application fields can be distinguished (a) industrial (production) processes (b) energy-related applications (c) environmental applications and (d) others 

Processes related to (de)hydrogenation reactions and isomer separation might also be interesting. Examples are (see also Chapters 10 and 13)  

Air separation by membranes to produce N2 or O2 is interesting especially for small to medium capacities and medium (up to 99%) purity. The highest purities of oxygen ( 99%) are to be obtained with dense (non-porous) membranes. The economics of gas separation processes is discussed in detail by Spilman [7] together with a number of potentially interesting applications. 

In liquid separation applications interesting fields with micro- and ultrafiltration are  

Nanofiltration. This new process involves a low rejection for salts (monovalent ions) and ionised organics (MW 100) in combination with a high rejection of salts (multivalent ions) and organics with MW 300 which should be separated from the earlier ones at low operating pressures compared with reverse osmosis. Examples are given in Chapter 11 and zirconia or titania membranes seem to be especially suitable due to their relatively good chemical stability. 

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Ingredients. Nylon-6 is produced commercially from caprolactam [105-60-2] which is the most important lactam industrially. AH industrial production processes for caprolactam are multistep and produce ammonium sulfate [7783-20-2] or other by-products. Approximately 95% of the world s caprolactam is produced from cyclohexanone oxime [100-64-1] via the Beckmann rearrangement (144). The starting material for cyclohexanone can be... 

Reaction and Heat-Transfer Solvents. Many industrial production processes use solvents as reaction media. Ethylene and propylene are polymerized in hydrocarbon solvents, which dissolves the gaseous reactant and also removes the heat of reaction. Because the polymer is not soluble in the hydrocarbon solvent, polymer recovery is a simple physical operation. Ethylene oxide production is exothermic and the catalyst-filled reaction tubes are surrounded by hydrocarbon heat-transfer duid. 

Characterization of Room Airflow and Thermal Conditions Based on Industrial Production Process and Envelope... 

PVC and their low-cost industrial production process, sintered PVC separators have been used since around 1950 and some are still employed today. 

OS 40] [R 20] [P 28] The best yield obtained in the interdigital micro-mixer laboratory-scale set-up was 83% (22 °C 1000 ml h 8 s) ]48]. Compared with the performance of the industrial production process (65%, batch), this is an improvement of nearly 20%. Most experiments done at widely different residence time and reaction temperature did not differ from this best yield by more than 5-10%. 

During the last three decades an increasing awareness is observed into the environmental problems caused by human activities22. These environmental problems are a direct risk for human health and the human survival potential. To challenge these problems, human activities, in particular agricultural and industrial production processes, industrial products, and transport, but also the individual way of living have to be made more sustainable. Sustainability does not only focus on the environment. It also involves economic aspects and aspects dealing with implementation. Implementation includes in this respect education, acceptance, human involvement into the application, and incorporation into the human mind. 

There are several approaches to improve current industrial production processes in more sustainable ones. However, the degree of sustainability can vary strongly, as is also the case with the costs. In general we can range these approaches in the following order of increasing sustainability. 

In many industrial production processes water plays a key role. Water may be necessary for several purposes. It can be used as ... 

The aim of this paper is to provide a basis and a tool for designing specific and concrete closed water loops for various industrial production processes wherein several types of process water are used, and wherein several types of wastewater are produced. 

It may be expected that due to the shift to cleaner industrial production processes the amount and composition of industrial wastewater will change. As most important changes can be mentioned ... 

The absence of real toxic pollutants such as cadmium, mercury, PCB s etc. due to the policy to ban the use of these components in industrial production processes. 

A further improvement in the sustainability of an industrial production process may be achieved by closing the water loops for a number of adjacent industrial production processes. This may be achieved in a so-called eco-industrial area where the primary aim is to arrange industrial production processes in such a way that water, wastes, materials, and energy can be exchanged between the various production processes in an environmentally sustainable and cost effective manner. A shared process water production plant and wastewater treatment plant is then a crucial step. It will, however, be clear that such an approach requires a thorough and detailed study which incorporates not only technical and economical aspects but also legal, organisational and infrastructural aspects as well. 

The final development of the enzyme product after identification of the inhibitor and establishment of an industrial production process turned out relatively easy after initial solubility issues were solved. 

Industry Product/process Energy consumption per unit of product ... 

Acoustic Chemometric Monitoring of Industrial Production Processes... 

Many earlier successful PLS prediction models (which in this chapter are presented as examples from industrial production processes) signify that acoustic chemometrics has matured into a proven on-line technology in the PAT domain. It is a salient point here that all were evaluated using test set validation [2]. 

Acoustic Chemometric Monitoring of Industrial Production Processes 285 9.3 Industrial Production Process Monitoring... 

The acoustic chemometric approach can also be used to monitor industrial production processes involving particles and powders and to provide a complementary tool for process operators for more efficient process control, or to monitor particle movement in a fluidized bed [7] for example. Below we illustrate the application potential by focusing on two applications process monitoring of a granulation process and monitoring of ammonia concentration. 

Industrial production processes also may vary depending on the nature and availahility of mineral, manufacturing cost, demand for other byproducts, purity level of the metal desired, and its end use. Recovery processes are quite similar to other rare-earth metals and chemistry of the processes does not differ noticeably from one metal to another. 

Vacuum technology has been increasingly used in industrial production processes during the last two decades. Some of these processes and their typical working pressure ranges are shown in Fig. 7.1. 

A third industrial production process exists but this wet process is less widely used. 

The application properties of pigments depend not only on their chemistry but also on their physical appearance and to a greater extent on the manufacturing process. Therefore, the book places much emphasis on the description of industrial production processes. The inclusion of extensive descriptions of applications means that this book is far more than a mere list of pigments and their properties. 

Before dealing with the central topic, I would like to raise some further issues pertinent to it, and indeed to the development of thick-film sensors in general. Thick-film sensors are an important part of biosensor research because some blood glucose sensors for use in the home are made this way—if these are successful surely others can be Further, thick-film technology is not expensive and allows research laboratories to produce quickly, reasonably uniform devices in sufficient numbers for well replicated experiments. At the same time, some insight can be gained into the nature and demands of an industrial production process. 

A broad spectrum of enzymes and fermentation systems has already become available to the industry, and the number is increasing all the time. Biotech development has also picked up speed it can now take a matter of weeks rather than years to develop new, highly specific and efficient enzymes. Until recently, slow development hindered the use of enzymes in pharmaceutical production. Now DSM s Pharmaceutical Product Unit, for example, is exploiting them systematically as a competitive advantage. Enzymes are also becoming more resistant to harsh environments such as heat and acidity, and are cheaper to produce, making inroads into other industrial production processes such as pulp and paper, oil exploration, and textile processing. 

The release of PCDD/PCDF from transport activities was estimated to be very minimal and not reported for uncontrolled combustion processes (Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2004). In the Department of Environment Malaysia 1997 report, the major sources of air pollution in 1996 were motor vehicles, 82%, power stations, 9%, industrial fuel burning, 5%, industrial production processes, 3%, domestic and commercial furnaces, 0.2%, and open burning at solid waste disposal sites, 0.8% (Afroz et al., 2003). Leaded gasoline has been phased out since 1998 and most cars have been fitted with catalytic converters since then. Consequently, a minimal release of PCDD/PCDF is expected from motor vehicles that are mainly from diesel-powered vehicles. The released air pollutions monitored were CO, N02, S02, 03, and suspended particulate matters. 

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