Industrial enzymes leather industry

Many enzymes have been the subject of protein engineering studies, including several that are important in medicine and industry, eg, lysozyme, trypsin, and cytochrome P450. SubtiHsin, a bacterial serine protease used in detergents, foods, and the manufacture of leather goods, has been particularly well studied (68). This emphasis is in part owing to the wealth of stmctural and mechanistic information that is available for this enzyme. 

The detergent industry is the largest user of industrial enzymes. The starch industry, the first significant user of enzymes, developed special symps that could not be made by means of conventional chemical hydrolysis. These were the first products made entirely by enzymatic processes. Materials such as textiles and leather can be produced in a more rational way when using enzyme technology. Eoodstuffs and components of animal feed can be produced by enzymatic processes that require less energy, less equipment, or fewer chemicals compared with traditional techniques. 

Enzymes for Liming and Bating. An important discovery (79) for the leather industry was the close relationship between the amount of dermatan sulfate removed and the degree of opening up. Until this discovery, the use of enzymes during the liming and unhairing steps was not considered worthwhile. 

Proteolytic enzymes Biological washing powders and the baking, brewing, fish, silk and leather industries... 

Proteolytic enzymes Animals, including insects and other arthropods or their larval forms Dusts from barley, oats, rye, wheat or maize, or Biological washing powders and the baking, brewing, fish, silk and leather industries Research and educational laboratories, pest control and fruit cultivation The baking or flour milling industry or on farms... 

Sources of Proteinases. More than 80 per cent of all industrial enzymes are hydrolytic in action and most are used for the depolymerization of natural substances. Almost 60 per cent of these enzymes are proteolytic, and used by the detergent, dairy and leather industries. 

The use of enzymes for the manufacture of leather played a major role for the industrial scale production of enzymes. For the preparation of hides and skins for tanning, the early tanners kept the dehaired skins in a warm suspension of the dungs of dogs of birds. Wood was the first in 1898 to show that the bating action of the unpleasant dungs was caused by the enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, lipase) which they contained. In the context... 

Note It is estimated that in 1991, approximately 2 million kilograms of enzymes were consumed by the chemical and food production industries. Note included in the foregoing figures are enzymes for leather-bating, papain, peclinase, bromelain, and several others. 

As a matter of fact, mankind knows polymers from ancient times, due to the existence of naturally occurring polymers such as latex, starches, cotton, wool, leather, silk, amber, proteins, enzymes, starches, cellulose, lignin, and others. The other type of polymers are synthetic polymers. Braconnot, in 1811, perhaps made the first significant contribution to polymer science by developing compounds derived from cellulose. Later, cellulose nitrate was obtained in 1846 by Schonbein, afterward in 1872, its industrial production was established. Besides, in 1839, Goodyear found out by accident that by heating latex with sulfur its properties were altered creating a flexible and temperature-stable rubber. This process is named vulcanization. 

Is a versatile emulsifier for solvents, vegetable oils, and waxes. In the leather industry, it is used as an emulsifier for tanning chemicals. Textile uses include resin bath penetrants, polymer stabilizers, solvent scour emulsifiers, and enzyme bath penetrants. It is also used in cold water scours for felted fabrics. 

Industrial Uses. Papain is used in the leather industry to prepare the sides for tanning. Its proteolytic action removes some of the undesirable proteins which adhere to the hide and thus facilitates the subsequent tanning process. In the textile industry, the treatment of wool fibers with papain has been found to reduce the shrinkage from laundering. This appears to be caused by the abihty of the enzyme to destroy the elastic properties of wool protein. Because of its digestive action on protein, papain is used as a spot remover in the laundry and dry cleaning business. 

Application of pancratic enzymes in the leather industry for the bating of hides. Rohm... 

Work on a few other industrial enzymes of importance in food industry, like proteinase, cellulase, polygalacturonase, and a-amylase has been done. Data on studies of Clarienzyme for use in dehairing are being analyzed in large scale solid state bioprocess in collaboration with Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai [2]. 

Biodart series of enzymes for leather, detergent Southern Petrochemicals Industries and food industry, and Biogold series of Corporation Ltd., Chennai... 

Gastric lipase could also be used as an industrial enzyme for the digestion of fats to make soaps, the tanning of leather, and the preparation of animal feedstuffs. 

PTN . [Novo Nordisk] Pancreatic trypsins enzyme for bating in leather industry. 

Proteases are enzymes that break down protein molecules through peptide bond hydrolysis [1]. They are commercially employed in many industrial processes. In foods, proteases have two main applications in the processing of traditional food products and in the processing of new protein-based ingredients called functional foods [2]. Proteases are also used in other industrial segments such as leather industry, pharmaceutical, waste management, and the detergent industry. Currently, microbial proteases make up approximately 40% of total enzyme sales [3, 4]. 

Enzymes, isolated from their source organisms, are used industrially as homogeneous or immobilized catalysts in the textile and leather, detergent, starch, food, beverages, paper and pulp industries, as well as in bioremediation. Traditionally, enzymes are used as homogeneous catalysts in aqueous solutions. The findings in the mid-1980s that enzymes are also active catalysts in nearly anhydrous environments expanded their potential use considerably. Oils and fats, for example, are now processed with enzymes. 

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