Industrial applications of adhesives

Sadek, M. M. Industrial Applications of Adhesive Bonding. Elsevier Applied Science London, New York, 1987. 

There are many potentially advantageous Industrial applications of adhesives which are relevant to aerospace structures in which the major concerns include light weight, reliability, structural efficiency and safety. These advantages are often cited as ... 

Further examples are given in Anaerobic adhesives. Industrial applications of adhesives and Joint design - cylindrical joints. 

Cyanoacrylate adhesives will bond a wide variety of substrates with the exception of polyolefins (unless pre-treated). Teflon and highly acidic surfaces. Porous substrates such as wood, paper and leather require the use of products containing accelerators. Formulations are now appearing that when used in conjunction with a so-called primer can give high bond strength on polyethylene and polypropylene. See Industrial applications of adhesives. 

In many industrial situations, the use of adhesives has advantages over older methods of joining (see Engineering design with adhesives. Industrial applications of adhesives), but there is sometimes a reluctance to use them because of supposed difficulties... 

Industrial applications of adhesives C WATSON Scope of adhesives bonding cylindrical components... 

Several industrial applications of adhesives can be recognised (1) Medical applications, e.g. strips used to cover wounds to prevent infection. (2) Patches for the controlled release of drugs. (3) Various types of hygiene products, e.g. diapers, feminine towels, etc. (4) Adhesives that are used to stick two substrates together - this usually requires very strong adhesive bonds. 

Industrial Applications of Adhesive Bonding Chapman and Hall, London (1987)... 

Parts of the chapter have earlier been published as Aerospace Industry Applications of Adhesive Bonding Adhesive Bonding, edited by R. D. Adams, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, 2005, pp. 489-527). Reproduced with permission from Woodhead. 

Several environment-friendly surface preparation for the treatment of mbber soles with radiations have been recently studied. These treatments are clean (no chemicals or reactions by-products are produced) and fast, and furthermore online bonding at shoe factory can be produced, so the future trend in surface modification of substrates in shoe industry will be likely directed to the industrial application of those treatments. Corona discharge, low-pressure RF gas plasma, and ultraviolet (UV) treatments have been successfully used at laboratory scale to improve the adhesion of several sole materials in shoe industry. Recently, surface modification of SBR and TR by UV radiation has been industrially demonstrated in shoe industry... 

In this chapter, the very widespread industrial application of colloid chemistry will be described. Surprisingly enough, mankind has been aware of colloids for many thousands of years. The old Egyptian and Mayan civilizations, without cement, used their knowledge about adhesion (between blocks of stones) when building pyramids. 

A search of the literature reveals some industrial applications of zirconium-based adhesion promoters but, in general, there is iittie scientific investigation of their mode of action. However, it is worthwhile at this point to indicate briefly the usage for zirconium compounds and the type of chemistry believed to be involved. 

Despite the high specific surface areas, the amount of accessible catalyst remains low due to the limited thickness of the porous catalytic layer dictated by considerations such as the adhesion to the substrate. The susceptibility of the fine channels to blockage with solid impurities or deposits formed in the reaction, together with the problems of integrating connections with the external macroenvironments and ensuring uniform gas distribution between the individual channels, a prerequisite for numbering up, represent further questions that have to be resolved for the industrial application of microreactors to become practicable. 

Problems and facts that in the author s personal experience arise in the industrial application of tannin-based adhesives for timber sometimes indicate lack of correspondence with laboratory practice and results. These are often problems related to unusual characteristics of the adhesive itself, or of its application technique, which could not be noticed during research under laboratory conditions, but the existence of which could easily jeopardize successful implementation of laboratory technology into industrial practice. Correcting the credibility gap between research focus and industrial usage is seen as a critical step toward market expansion for these new products. Important considerations are consistency of tannins, extracts and adhesives properties due to the natural raw material variability formulation in cold-setting adhesives and application conditions (such as wood moisture and adhesive-content or pressing time) in particleboard adhesives. These problems have been overcome in use of wattle tannin-based adhesives as shown by a visual comparison of tannin-, phenolic-, and melamine-bonded particleboards exposed to the weather for 15 years and the growing use of tannin-based adhesives in other countries. 

Industrial applications of proteins include plastics, adhesives, and fibers derived from casein and soybean protein, but these have been declining in recent years. Special forms in which proteins are commercially available include textured proteins for food products, and protein hydrolyzate and liquid predigested protein, both for medical use. See ribonu-... 

Application of adhesives and sealants based on hybrid NIPU (HNIPU) for pasting metal surfaces is important in various industries [24], Various compositions of adhesives and sealants were developed based on research results. Their physical-chemical properties are given in Table 4.2. 

Although they have been incorporated in paints for their durable, hard, bright, anticorrosive and adhesive films, industrial applications of lacs and of urushiol have been limited because of their high viscosity, low drying rate, requiring a regulated temperature and humidity, their suseptibility to an alkaline environment and the contact sensitivity of human skin. 

For many industrial applications of plastics that are dependent on adhesive bonding, cold gas plasma surface treatment has rapidly become the preferred industrial process. Plasma surface treatment, which is conducted in a vacuum environment, affords an opportunity to minimize or eliminate the barriers to adhesion through three distinct effects (1) removal of surface contaminants and weakly bound polymer layers, (2) enhancement of wettability through incorporation of functional or polar groups that facilitate spontaneous spreading of the adhesive or matrix resin, and (3) formation of functional groups on the surface that permit covalent bonding between the substrate and the adhesive or matrix resin. Since plasma treatment is a process of surface modification, the bulk properties of the material are retained. The nature of the process also allows precise control of the process parameters and ensures repeatability of the process in industrial applications. Finally, several studies have demonstrated that these surface modifications can be achieved with minimum impact on the environment. 

Isocyanates [polymeric MDI (PMDI)] as a fortifier for phenolic resins have only been used in the past in rare cases. Deppe and Ernst [41] reported a precuring reaction between the isocyanate and the phenolic resin, even if both components had been applied separately to the particles. Hse et al. [36] also found good results with an isocyanate and a PF resin added separately to wood particles. Pizzi and Walton [191] reported on the reactions and their mechanisms of PF resins premixed in the glue mix with nonemulsifiable water-based diisocyanate adhesives for exterior plywood. Pizzi et al. [192] reported on the industrial applications of such systems (PF -I- PMDI -I- sometimes tannin accelerator UF + PMDI)... 

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