Industrial application areas

In the chemical engineering domain, neural nets have been applied to a variety of problems. Examples include diagnosis (66,67), process modeling (68,69), process control (70,71), and data interpretation (72,73). Industrial application areas include distillation column operation (74), fluidized-bed combustion (75), petroleum refining (76), and composites manufacture (77). 

Industry/Application Area Key Properties Typical Uses... 

Specifications and standards have long been an excellent means of disseminating best practices. A key driving force for specifications and standards typically has been the establishment of a common baseline for best practices, as well as alignment of the supporting industrial infrastructure to minimal requirements. Thus standardization presents an opportunity to promulgate the latest validated corrosion best practices across an industrial application area. 

Table 9-7. Application areas and typical analytical examples in the semiconductor industry. Application area Analytical example...

Industry/ application area Key properties Typical uses... 

Part IV— Functionai/Appiication index is a powerful tool for locating the trade names and chemicals based on their function and/or industrial application area. By searching for key functional words such as defoamer, emulsifier, solubilizer, in a specific application area, such as food, de-inking, paint, agriculture, etc., the user Is directed to the trade names and/or generic chemicals that have that specific functional/application attribute. The generic chemical names are distinguished from the trade names by italic type. 

The material of this chapter and, for that matter, of the two preceding chapters has wide applicability in the area of technology and manufacture. To do justice to this facet of the subject would require a book in itself, so we must settle for a few paragraphs concerned with industrial applications. 

Of the numerous separations reported, only a few can be listed here. Except for minerals beneficiation [ore flotation] which is covered in Sec. 21, the most important industrial applications are usually in the area of pollution control. 

Recent advances in accelerator technology have reduced the cost and size of an RBS instrument to equal to or less than many other analytical instruments, and the development of dedicated RBS systems has resulted in increasing application of the technique, especially in industry, to areas of materials science, chemistry, geology, and biology, and also in the realm of particle physics. However, due to its historical segregation into physics rather than analytical chemistry, RBS still is not as readily available as some other techniques and is often overlooked as an analytical tool. 

Another important application area for PSAs in the electronic industry focuses on the manufacturing, transport and assembly of electronic components into larger devices, such as computer disk drives. Due to the sensitivity of these components, contamination with adhesive residue, its outgassing products, or residue transferred from any liners used, needs to be avoided. Cleanliness of the whole tape construction becomes very critical, because residuals like metal ions, surfactants, halogens, silicones, and the like can cause product failures of the electronic component or product. Due to their inherent tackiness, acrylic PSAs are very attractive for this type of application. Other PSAs can be used as well, but particular attention has to be given to the choice of tackifier or other additives needed in the PSA formulation. The choice of release liner also becomes very critical because of the concern about silicone transfer to the adhesive, which may eventually contaminate the electronic part. 

Supply Air When designing workbenches, it is essential that the supply air face area be large enough to cover the contained area. Therefore it is important to have some indication of the operator s range of movements for all intended operations. Moreover, for efficient protection the supply airflow must be adequate to get a stable flow field that will not be affected by ambient disturbances. In industrial applications the suitable mean supply air velocities are typically between 0.2 and 0.45 m s h Low velocities should be used when the distance between the supply air unit and the operator is small or for cool supply air. High velocities are applicable at greater distances and in hot environments, with thermal comfort being considered. 

Apart from considerations given to corrosion resistance and suitability for hazardous (classified) areas, the selection of electric motors for oil field applications is the same as the selection of electric motors for other industrial applications. One exception may be the selection of motors for areas where electric power is self-generated. Frequency and voltage variations may occasionally occur at such locations. For such locations, consideration should be given to specifying motors which are tolerant to at least 10% voltage variations and 5% frequency variations. 

The other main application area for predictive error analysis is in chemical process quantitative risk assessment (CPQRA) as a means of identifying human errors with significant risk consequences. In most cases, the generation of error modes in CPQRA is a somewhat unsystematic process, since it only considers errors that involve the failure to perform some pre-specified function, usually in an emergency (e.g., responding to an alarm within a time interval). The fact that errors of commission can arise as a result of diagnostic failures, or that poor interface design or procedures can also induce errors is rarely considered as part of CPQRA. However, this may be due to the fact that HEA techniques are not widely known in the chemical industry. The application of error analysis in CPQRA will be discussed further in Chapter 5. 

Block copolymers have been synthesized on an industrial scale mainly by anionic or cationic polymerization, although monomers for block components are limited to ones capable of the process. Intensive academic and technological interest in radical block copolymerization using macroinitiators is growing. This process can be implemented in plants with easier handling of materials, milder conditions of operation, and a variety of materials to give various kinds of block copolymers to develop a wide application area [1-3]. 

Realizing a wide range of selection of composing members including vinyl polymers, polycondensation polymers, and polyaddition polymers, which opens a variety of application areas in the polymer manufacturing and processing industries. 

Barnbrook, G., The concrete slab-a base for resin flooring, paper presented at the Symposium on Resin for Industrial Problem Areas. Flooring and Anti-Corrosion Application, organized by the Federation of Resin Formulators and Applicators Ltd, London, November (1980). 

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