Induction of activity

IL-2 THi cells TH, Tc and NK cells T cell and NK proliferation and induction of activity... 

Figure 22.3 Signaling pathways activated by CpG DNA. CpG is thought to enter the cell via a pH-dependent step that may be receptor mediated. There is a possible role for the toll like receptor 9 (TLR-9). Once inside the cell, CpG DNA appears to act, through a number of signal transduction pathways, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), the ubiquitination and degradation of IrcB, and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which ultimately lead to the induction of activating protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB).

L10. LeVan, T. D., Bloom, J. W., Adams, D. G., Hensel, J. L., and Halonen, M., Platelet-activating factor induction of activator protein-1 signaling in bronchial epithelial cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 53, 135-140(1998). 

K. Salnikow, S. Wang, and M. Costa, Induction of activating transcription factor 1 by nickel and its role as a negative regulator of thrombospondin I gene expression. Cancer Res. 57(22) 5060, 1997. 

The availability of potential reactant species is changed by spillover from one site, where reaction does not occur, to another site, where the reaction may occur. We believe the most significant expression of these phenomena is the retention or induction of activity. Secondary reaction involving the spillover species can retain or induce activity on other sites. As discussed... 

The Z-isomer arises from a consecutive induction of active metallic titanium surface to the polydented pinacolic intermediate formed by homolytic coupling of a radical anion species generated from reduction of two carbonyl compounds that is followed by subsequent demetallation and deoxygenation reactions. In this regard, the phenoxy-Ti-sulfone induction plays the key role for Z-stereoselection by forcing the phenoxy and sulfone moieties to be positioned on the same side. 

Receptors for steroid hormones located in the nucleus. These are hgand-activated transcription factors. See Lavery, D.N. and McEwan, I.J., Structure and functions of steroid receptor AFl transactivation domains induction of active conformations, Biochem. J. 391, 449 64, 2005. 

McRae BL, Kennedy MK, Tan LJ, Dal Canto MC, Picha KS, Miller SD (1992) Induction of active and adoptive relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) using an encephalitogenic epitope of proteolipid protein. J Neuroimmunol 38 229-240. 

Induction of active immunity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins and pcitassis from age 6 weeks up to the seventh biithdav... 

Induction of active immunity aguin.st cholera, such as in indi-viduals traveling to or residing in epidemic or endemic areas... 

Induction of active immunity against selected strains of N. nn iiingilidis... 

Induction of active immunity against pneumococcal disease caused by the pneumococcal antigen types included in the vaccine (the vaccine protects against pneumococcal pneumonia. pneumococcal bacteremia, and other pncuiiiiK iK Cal infections)... 

The rate of induction of activity is obviously large as little as lOi ev/gm produced a surprisingly large increase, and the activity continued to increase with dose (82). A curve of induced activity vs dose shows an expected approach to saturation above a dose of about 2 X 1020 ev/gm (83). 

The interaction of piperine with cytochrome P-450 was investigated. In one study, pretreatment of mice with 121 caused an increase in cytochrome P-450 activity [369], In contrast, another study found 121 pretreatment in rats caused no induction of activity [370], Piperine caused differential inhibition of two forms of pulmonary cytochrome P-450 [371], It protected against aflatoxin B l cytotoxicity and formation of micronuclei in H4I1E rat hepatoma cells [372], This protective effect was suggested to occur via suppression of cytochrome P-450 activation of the aflatoxin Bj [372],... 

Haemophilus b is a bacterial vaccine that induces specihe protective antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). It is indicated for induction of active immunity against Hib infection. Routine immunization of all infants beginning at age 2 months is recommended. 

Rabies vaccine is a viral vaccine that induces neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity. It is used in induction of active immunity against rabies virus either before or after viral exposure. 

The pH of the urine does not apparently affect the way the kidney handles the antibacterial (most of it is excreted actively rather than passively) but it does have a direct influence on the way the antibacterial affects the micro-organisms. Mechanisms suggested include effects on bacterial cell receptors, the induction of active transport mechanisms on bacterial cell walls, and changes in ionisation of the antibacterial, which enables it to enter the bacterial cell more effectively. 

Oba, K., Fukui, M., Imai, Y., Iriyama, S., and Nogami, K., 1994, L-Galactono-7-lactone dehydrogenase Partial characterization, induction of activity and role in the synthesis of ascorbic acid in wounded white potato tuber tissue, Plant Cell Physiol. 35 473-478. 

Enzyme induction, changes in hormone levels, and indicators of altered cellular function represent examples of effects of unknown clinical significance and which may or may not be early indicators of toxic response. Induction of activating/metabolizing enzymes at or near background levels, for instance, may be adaptive or may be considered adverse, since induction may lead to more rapid metabolism and elimination of potentially toxic compounds, or may lead to increases in reactive intermediates and may potentiate toxic effects [157]. 

Chen, H.H. and Wang, D.L. (2004). Nitric Oxide Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Expression via the Induction of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Endothelial CeUs. Mol. Pharmacol., Vol. 65, pp. 1130-1140. 

Fig. 17. Diagrammatic representation of a pH-amplificator model membrane with two product-feed-back activated enzymes (x) acid (H+) producing enzyme A, (O) base producing (H+ consuming, OH producing) enzyme B, with optimal pH A

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