Individual liability

It cannot be sufficiently emphasized that individual liability policies do differ in detail from the general standard policy, and reference to the policy in force in any individual set of circumstances is most strongly recommended. 

The flip side of the benefits that accrue to companies with robust compliance programs is the costs of not having one. One big concern is the big case. Penalties for TSCA violations can be quite large. Penalties do not only impose monetary obHgations on corporations, they can include individual liability and jail terms. With the renewed emphasis on management accountabihty as a result of the recent corporate scandals, it appears likely that the government will renew its determination to go up the corporate ladder to find those responsible for the actions. A picture of the perp walk in practice is worth a thousand words. 

The difference in safety levels can be traced to many differences between the two systems, including the nature of the systems (variety of demand and the nature of flow through the systems), resources (variety of equipment and the degree of proceduralisation), the natme of hazards and defences (especially variety and controllability and external defences), the nature of external constraints (political intervention and individual liability) and the nature of the organisational and professional cultures (variety of subcultures, attitude to error and occurrence reporting and dominant cultural influencers, e g. controllers). 

It is even more difficult to think of profit as being a liability. Profit is the increase in money value available for distribution to the owners and effec tively represents the interest obtained on the capital. If the profit is not distributed, it represents an increase in capital by the normal concept of compound interest. Thus, if the individual s business makes a profit of 5000, the liabihty to the individual is increased to 15,000. With this concept in mind, Eq. (9-123) can be expanded to... 

Product Liability. The data and other information in this handbook have been carefully extracted and evaluated by experts from the original literature. Furthermore, they have been checked for correctness by authors and the editorial staff before printing. Nevertheless, the publisher can give no guarantee for the correctness of the data and information provided. In any individual case of application, the respective user must check the correctness by consulting other relevant sources of information. 

Anxiety disorders are common in the population of opioid-addicted individuals however, treatment studies are lacking. It is uncertain whether the frequency of anxiety disorders contributes to high rates of illicit use of benzodiazepines, which is common in methadone maintenance programs (Ross and Darke 2000). Increased toxicity has been observed when benzodiazepines are co-administered with some opioids (Borron et al. 2002 Caplehorn and Drummer 2002). Although there is an interesting report of clonazepam maintenance treatment for methadone maintenance patients who abuse benzodiazepines, further studies are needed (Bleich et al. 2002). Unfortunately, buspirone, which has low abuse liability, was not effective in an anxiety treatment study in opioid-dependent subjects (McRae et al. 2004). Current clinical practice is to prescribe SSRIs or other antidepressants that have antianxiety actions for these patients. Carefully controlled benzodiazepine prescribing is advocated by some practitioners. 

Toluene, volatile nitrites, and anesthetics, like other substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, and heroin, are characterized by rapid absorption, rapid entry into the brain, high bioavailability, a short half-life, and a rapid rate of metabolism and clearance (Gerasimov et al. 2002 Pontieri et al. 1996, 1998). Because these pharmacokinetic parameters are associated with the ability of addictive substances to induce positive reinforcing effects, it appears that the pharmacokinetic features of inhalants contribute to their high abuse liability among susceptible individuals. 

The upshot of this trend toward visibility of research should reduce liability on the part of drug manufacturers and researchers, increase the likelihood that accuracy is enhanced, and produce more informed drug users. The question of accuracy undergirds the topic of liability, and if trends toward pharmacogenetics and individualized drug therapy hold, the importance of accuracy and subsequent liability will only increase. 

Because the goal of hit triage is to identify chemical series that hold promise for further optimization, an approach to characterize the ADME properties of a series, not just individual compounds is often useful. Where possible, characterizing the structure-ADME property relationship, in much the same way that a structure-potency relationship is defined, can be valuable for assessing the probability that a given structural series can be successfully optimized. The goals of this ADME property characterization are twofold (1) to identify specific structural features that may be liabilities (benefits), and (2) to identify general structure-ADME property correlations. 

Individuals and companies that buy insurance products could be stimulated to address climate change-seeking mechanism to facilitate mitigation of GHG emissions and adaptation to the inevitable impacts of climate change [16]. In addition, the insurance companies themselves are motivated to take significant actions to mitigate GHG emissions and increase adaptive capacity to reduce overall uncertainty and other barriers to insurability and are also motivated to limit the insurers potential exposure to catastrophic risks in excess of their capacity to avoid the potential for property and liability claims in excess. 

Product liability the publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. 

Policy makers, practitioners, and scholars from a variety of disciplines have recently embraced a new approach to risk reduction in health care—a "systems approach"—without proposing any specific reforms of medical liability law. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) placed its imprimatur on this approach in its recent reports (Kohn et al., 2000 IOM, 2001). In its simplest form, a systems approach to risk reduction in health care posits that an injury to a patient is often the manifestation of a latent error in the system of providing care. In other words, a medical mishap is the proverbial "accident waiting to happen" because the injury-preventing tools currently deployed, including medical liability law, are aimed at finding the individuals at fault rather than the systemic causes of error. Coexistence of a systems approach to error reduction and medical liability law as a conceptual framework for policy makers implies that the latter is likely to evolve in an incremental fashion as the former makes more visible different aspects of the medical error problem. 

LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR HAVE USED THEIR BEST EFFORTS IN PREPARING THIS BOOK. THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES WHICH EXTEND BEYOND THE DESCRIPTIONS CONTAINED IN THIS PARAGRAPH. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES REPRESENTATIVES OR WRITTEN SALES MATERIALS. THE ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN AND THE OPINIONS STATED HEREIN ARE NOT GUARANTEED OR WARRANTED TO PRODUCE ANY PARTICULAR RESULTS, AND THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY INDIVIDUAL. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT OR ANY OTHER COM-MERCIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR OTHER DAMAGES. ... 

Many adhesives- and sealants-related activities present significant process safety risks. These activities include chemical processing, material manufacturing welding and hazardous materials transportation. When accidents occur in connection with these or other activities, individuals and employers are exposed to potential civil and criminal liabilities. 

Personnel. More than any other area, we are often asked "How many people has your corporation added due to TSCA " I don t know of anyone who has a concise answer to this question. Complicating the situation is the fact that the 1960 s and 1970 s saw a number of environmental and health laws go into effect the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, Federal Water Pollution Control Act, TSCA, Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, to mention the major ones. This mixture of acts, with some similarities of purpose, developing within a time span of 10-15 years, has made a variety of similar demands. It is not easy at this point to attribute the addition of staff support personnel to an individual law such as TSCA. The same observation is applicable to all corporate resources which have felt the effects of TSCA however, in order to... 

---